TAHAP TEKNOSTRES DALAM KALANGAN PEKERJA MUSLIM DI PERUSAHAAN KECIL DAN SEDERHANA DI NEGERI SEMBILAN
THE LEVEL OF TECHNOSTRESS AMONG MUSLIM EMPLOYEES IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN NEGERI SEMBILAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35631/IJEMP.935014Keywords:
Pekerja Muslim (Muslim Employees), Perusahaan Kecil Dan Sederhana (Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs), Teknostres (Technostress), Dimensi Teknostres (Technostress Creators)Abstract
Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi (ICT) merupakan elemen penting dalam pengurusan sesebuah organisasi bagi memastikan ianya terus kekal cemerlang dan relevan pada masa kini termasuklah Perusahaan Kecil dan Sederhana (PKS). Penggunaan ICT boleh membantu PKS mengembangkan kecekapan operasi perniagaan, berinovasi, memperluas akses kepada pasaran dan pelanggan, serta bersaing dengan firma yang lebih besar. Peningkatan penggunaan ICT di PKS setiap tahun menunjukkan satu perkembangan yang positif dan seharusnya dikekalkan secara konsisten dan sentiasa ditambah baik sesuai dengan persekitaran yang semakin digital kini. Namun, kebergantungan yang tinggi terhadap ICT dalam sektor pekerjaan boleh menyumbang kepada gejala teknostres seperti kemurungan, kelesuan, kebimbangan, sukar memberi tumpuan dan ketegangan otot dalam kalangan pekerja. Oleh itu, kajian tinjauan ini telah dilaksanakan bagi meninjau tahap teknostres dalam kalangan pekerja PKS. Populasi kajian terdiri daripada pekerja Muslim PKS di Negeri Sembilan dan seramai 25 orang responden telah terlibat dalam kajian ini. Kajian ini menggunakan instrumen soal selidik sebagai alat pengukuran yang utama dan data dianalisis secara deskriptif menggunakan perisian IBM SPSS Statistics versi 23 untuk mendapatkan skor frekuensi, peratusan, min, sisihan piawai dan interpretasi min. Hasil kajian menunjukkan secara keseluruhan tahap teknostres responden berdasarkan lima dimensi teknostres berada pada tahap sederhana (nilai min = 2.89). Dimensi lebihan beban teknologi mencatatkan tahap sederhana tertinggi (nilai min = 3.29) berbanding dimensi teknostres yang lain dan menjadi faktor utama yang mendorong berlakunya teknostres dalam kalangan pekerja Muslim PKS. Impak daripada dapatan ini boleh membantu pihak PKS menambah baik pengurusan beban tugas ICT dan jadual masa bekerja di samping memberi sokongan seperti menyediakan kursus dan latihan ICT bagi membantu masalah kerumitan teknologi serta menyediakan infrastruktur yang bersesuaian dengan teknologi semasa. Beberapa cadangan turut dikemukakan kepada pengkaji-pengkaji lain pada masa hadapan bagi menambahbaik kajian dalam bidang teknostres dan PKS di Malaysia.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an important element in the management of an organization to ensure it remains excellent and relevant in the present, including Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The use of ICT can help SMEs enhance their business operational efficiency, innovate, expand access to markets and customers, and compete with larger firms. The increase in ICT usage in SMEs each year shows a positive development and should be consistently maintained and continuously improved in line with the increasingly digital environment now. However, the high dependence on ICT in the employment sector can contribute to symptoms of technostress such as depression, fatigue, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and muscle tension among workers. Therefore, this survey study was conducted to examine the level of technostress among SME workers. The study population consists of Muslim SME workers in Negeri Sembilan, and a total of 25 respondents participated in this study. This study uses a questionnaire as the primary measurement tool, and the data is analysed descriptively using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23 software to obtain frequency scores, percentages, means, standard deviations, and mean interpretations. The study results show that overall, the level of technostress among respondents based on the five dimensions of technostress is at a moderate level (mean value = 2.89). The dimension of techno-overload recorded the highest moderate level (mean value = 3.29) compared to other dimensions of technostress and became the main factor driving technostress among Muslim SME workers. The impact of these findings can help SMEs improve the management of ICT task loads and work schedules, as well as provide support such as offering ICT courses and training to address technology complexity issues and providing infrastructure that is compatible with current technology. Several suggestions have also been put forward to other researchers in the future to improve studies in the field of technostress and SMEs in Malaysia.
Downloads
References
Aflinda Mokhtar & Noor ‘Ain Mohamad Yunus. (2024). The Mediating Effects of Resilience on Technostress Creator and Employee’s Well-Being in Financial Industries Within Klang Valley. Advances in Business Research International Journal, 10(2), 104-110. https://doi.org/10.24191/abrij.v10i2.4647
Ahmad, U. N., Amin, S. M., & Ismail, W.K.W. (2012). The Relationship Between Technostress Creators and Organizational Commitment Among Academic Librarians. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40(1), 182-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.179
Akinboade, O. A. et al.. (2021). Mental Health Impacts of Information and Communication Technology Usage in South Africa. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 23(2), 255–276. https://doi.org/10.32604/IJMHP.2021.011111
Aleksić, D., Černe, M., & Batistič, S. (2023). Understanding Meaningful Work in The Context of Technostress, COVID-19, Frustration, and Corporate Social Responsibility. Human Relations, 77(3), 426-451. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267221139776
Arnett, J. J. (2023). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=24nhEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Arnett,+J.+J.+(2015).+Emerging+adulthood:+The+winding+road+from+the+late+teens+through+the+twenties+(2nd+ed.).+Oxford+University+Press&ots=8b9fAFBdQi&sig=7yTTXNKuYigbtWY-rER-nGxGS4E&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Ayyagari, R., Grover, V., & Purvis, R. (2011). Technostress: Technological Antecedents and Implications. MIS Quarterly, 35, 831-858. https://doi.org/10.2307/41409963
Basheer Amin, E., Al-Dmour, R., Al-Dmour, H., & Al-Dmour, A. (2024). Technostress Impact on Educator Productivity: Gender Differences in Jordan's Higher Education. Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 22(8), 60-75. https://doi.org/10.34190/ejel.22.8.3608
Benzari, A., Khedhaouria, A., Torrès, O. & Cucchi,A. (2024). the impact of technostress on Small Business Owners Burnout: the Mediating Role of Strain. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 52(4), 473-504. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2024.139621
Bernburg M, Gebhardt JS, Groneberg DA, Mache S. (2025). Impact of Digitalization in Dentistry on Technostress, Mental Health, and Job Satisfaction: A Quantitative Study. Healthcare (Basel), 13(1), 72, 1- 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13010072
Califf, C. B., Sarker, S., & Sarker, S. (2020). The Bright and Dark Sides of Technostress: A Mixed-Methods Study Involving Healthcare IT. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, 44(2), 809–856. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2020/14818
Chang, PC., Zhang, W., Cai, Q., & Guo, H. (2024). Does Aidriven Technostress Promote or Hinder Employees’ Artificial Intelligence Adoption Intention? A Moderated Mediation Model of Affective Reactions and Technical Self-Efficacy, Psychology Research And Behavior Management, 413-427. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S441444
Colleen A.Nauta. (2020). The Workload Impact Of Technostress On The New Jersey School Nurse. (Tesis Doktor Falsafah). Nathan Weiss Graduate College.
D’Anna-Hernandez, K., Lara-Cinisomo, S. & Non, A.(2023). Changes In Mental Health Symptoms and Sociocultural Factors Across the Covid-19 Pandemic In Mothers of Mexican Descent. Arch Womens Ment Health, 26, 625–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-023-01345-w
Fernández-Fernández, M, Martínez-Navalón JG, Gelashvili V, Román CP. (2023). The Impact Of Teleworking Technostress On Satisfaction, Anxiety And Performance. Heliyon, 9, 17201, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17201
Fikri, F., Marianty, L., & Hidayat, A. (2023). The Role of Religiusity in Reduce Employee's Work Stress. Psikoislamedia Jurnal Psikologi, 8(2), 210-220.
Fuglseth, A. M., & Sørebø, Ø. (2014). The Effects of Technostress Within the Context of Employee Use of ICT. Computers In Human Behavior, 40, 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.040
Gabbiadini, A., Paganin, G & Simbula, S. (2023). Teaching After the Pandemic: the Role of Technostress and Organizational Support on Intentions to Adopt Remote Teaching Technologies. Acta Psychologica, 236, 103936. 1 -19.
Gerdiken, E., Reinwald, M., Kunze, F. (2021). Outcomes of Technostress at Work : A Meta-analysis. Academy of Management Proceedings. (pp. 11807). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2021.11807abstract
Gilang Anka Dilang. (2021). Pengaruh Beban Kerja dan Kompetensi Teknologi terhadap Teknostres dan Dampaknya terhadap Niat Untuk Keluar dengan Dukungan Organisasi Sebagai Variabel Moderasi. (Tesis Sarjana, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga).
Hauk, N., Göritz, A. S., & Krumm, S. (2019). The Mediating Role Of Coping Behavior On The Age technostress Relationship: A Longitudinal Multilevel Mediation Model. PLoS ONE, 14(3), 1- 23. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213349
Jabatan Perangkaan Negara. (2024). Laporan Banci Ekonomi 2023. https://www.dosm.gov.my/uploads/content-downloads/file_20241129123647.pdf.
Kamarul Faizal Hashim, Felix B. Tan, Ammar Rashid, Shafiz A. Mohd Yusof. (2024). Examining the Role of Technostress Creators and Inhibitors on Academics Burnout. Emerging Science Journal, 8, 206 -219.
Keshavarz, H., Saeidnia, H. R., & Wang, T. (2025). Navigating Technostress: A Deep Dive Into Health Practitioners’ Technological Challenges In Hospital Settings. BMC Health Services Research, 25(1), 18, 1- 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-12196-1
Khan, A., Rehman, H. & Shafiq-ur-Rehman. (2013). An Empirical Analysis of Correlation Between Technostress and Job Satisfaction: A Case of KPK, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Information Management and Libraries, 14(1), 9 -15.
Koenig, H. G., & Al Shohaib, S. (2026). Religiosity and mental health in Islam. Islamophobia and psychiatry: Recognition, prevention, and treatment. p.35-43.
Kumar, A & Nayar, K.R. (2021). Covid 19 and Its Mental Health Consequences. Journal of Mental Health, 30(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1757052
La Torre, G et al. 2024. Effects of Technostress on the Productivity of Workers In ICT Company: An Observational Study. Riv Psichiatr, 59(6), 306 – 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1708/4386.43839
Lee, J & Kim, D. (2024). Analyzing Factors in Korean Youth SME Employment : A Behavioral Perspective. Social Sciences & Humanitities Open, 9, 100842, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100842
Marchiori, D. M., Mainardes, E. W., & Rodrigues, R. G. (2019). Do Individual Characteristics Influence the Types of Technostress Reported by Workers? International Journal of Human Computer Interaction, 35(3), 218–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1449713
Mohammed Umar Saganuwan. (2015). Integrating Technostress Creators and Inhibitors in Using Accounting Information System to Improve Job Satisfaction and Task Performance. (Tesis Doktor Falsafah, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia).
Muhaamad Hafis Nawawi. (2023, 25 Februari). SKMM Terus Kukuhkan Ekosistem Digital Negara. Harian Metro. https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2023/02/939758/skmm-terus-kukuhkan-ekosistem-digital-negara.
Narasalagi, V. M., Shintri, S., Saraih, U.N. (2021). Technostress and its Impact on Job Satisfaction : Evidence during COVID-19 Pandemic Among Faculty Members In Higher Education in Karnataka. Journal of Management Research and Analysis,8(4), 202-207.
Nazlin Munira Mohd Nazri, Suhaila Mohamed, Maliza Delima Kamarul Zaman, Zuhainna Mustapa & Nor Intan Adha Hafit. (2024). The Influence of Technostress on Employee Well-Being Among Generation Z Employees in Malaysia. Information Management and Business Review, 16 (3S(I)a), 402-416. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v16i3S(I)a.4142
Nisafani, A. S., Kiely, G., & Mahony, C. (2020). Workers’ Technostress: A Review Of Its Causes, Strains, Inhibitors, And Impacts. Journal of Decision Systems, 29(1), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2020.1796286
Norzaliza Alis & Syaliza Adiha Tewiran. (2020). Tahap Teknostres dalam Kalangan Pegawai Kumpulan Pengurusan dan Profesional Bukan Akademik di Universiti Awan. Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial, 23, 39-51. https://doi.org/10.32890/jps2020.23.3
Nur Yuhanis Ab Wahab, Hanifah Mahat, Marshelayanti Mohamad Razali, Nurul ‘Ain Mohd Daud & Nur Hidayah Baharudin. (2022). A Study of Technostress Levels of Secondary School Teachers in Malaysia During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21(4), 380-394. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.4.22
Nurasyikin Syuhadah Latif & Shazaitul Azreen Rodzalan. (2021). Hubungan Di Antara Ciri-Ciri Pekerjaan dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Teknostres dalam Kalangan Guru Sekolah Menengah di Johor Bahru. Research in Management of Technology and Business, 2(1), 106-122.
Nurul Nadia Abd Aziz, Mohd Amar Aziz & Noor Amiran Syazwani Abd Rahman. (2023). The Mediating Effects of Student Satisfaction on Technostress-Performance Expectancy Relationship in University Students. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 15(1), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-03-2021-0117
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2024). OECD Economic Survey : Malaysia 2024. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/08/oecd-economic-surveys-malaysia-2024_b9254f61/e45ca31a-en.pdf.
Othman, A. K., Rashid, M. A. A., Othman, M. N. A., Yusop, Z. M., Anuar, A., & Abdullah, M. Z. (2023). Moderating effect of religiosity as the coping strategy on the relationship between stressors and mental health. Central European Management Journal, 31(1), 550-562.
Qiong Wang & Ni Yao. (2025). Understanding The Impact Of Technology Usage At Work On Academics’ Psychological Well-Being: A Perspective Of Technostress. BMC Psychology, 13, 130, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02461-1
Ragu-Nathan, T. S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Tu, Q. (2008). The Consequences Of Technostress For End Users In Organizations: Conceptual Development And Empirical Validation. Information Systems Research, 19(4), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1070.0165
Saidy J, Garanti Z and Sadaka R. (2022). Technostress Creators and Job Performance Among Frontliners: Theorizing the Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 827027, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.827027
Saikarishna, M.B & Suresh, Dr. J.A. (2024). Reconnoitering The Impression Of Technostress On Employee Burnout: The Moderating Role Of Organizational Support. International Journal of Culture Studies and Social Sciences, 20(1), 235 - 248.
Seberini, A., Tokovska, M & Marasová, J. (2022). Technophobia And Technostress In Older Adult Employees As A Challenge For Human Resource Management. Proceedings of International Scientific Conference Economic And Societal Challenges Of The European Economy (pp.175-185). Silesian University.
Shri.Rajkiran Atmaram Chavan. (2023). A Study Of Socio-Psychological Impact Of Technophobia. Research Directions, 1-5. https://www.researchdirections.org/Management/articleupload/article1242.pdf.
Shu, Q., Tu, Q., & Wang, K. (2011). The Impact Of Computer Self-Efficacy And Technology Dependence On Computer-Related Technostress. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2011.555313
SME Corporation Malaysia. (2026). PMKS dalam RMK13. https://smecorp.gov.my/index.php/my/policies/2015-12-21-09-26-24/rmk13.
Syarifah Hanum Ali, Sharifah Rahama Amirul & Oscar Dousin.(2022). Tekanan teknologi terhadap norma baru bekerja dari rumah semasa pandemik Covid-19. Jurnal Dunia Pengurusan, 4(2), 33-50. https://doi.org/10.55057/jdpg.2022.4.2.3
Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2007). The Impact of Technostress on Role Stress and Productivity. Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(1), 301–328. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222240109
Tiurma Yasinta, Firdaus Firdaus, Zulkifli Nurul Haqq & Pharatt Run. (2024). The Impact Of Techno Complexity On Work Performance Through Emotional Exhaustion. Jurnal Fokus Manajemen Bisnis, 14(2), 164 – 176. https://doi.org/10.12928/fokus.v14i2.10479
Viannie Clairie Jimmy, Suhaila Mohamed, Norashikin Hussein, Nur Aizureen Anwar & Noor Azura Dahalan, (2023). Technostress Creators And Employee’s Well-Being At A Telecommunication Company In Sarawak, Malaysia, Information Management And Business Review, AMH International, 15(3), 329-343. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9f3b/d523ea80c2be0615efe7e15a19605c815252.pdf.
Wahl, I., Wolfgruber, D & Einwiller, S. (2024). Mitigating Teleworkers’ Perceived Technological Complexity and Work Strains Through Supportive Team Communication. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 29(2), 329 – 345. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-05-2023-0061
Weil, M.M. & Rosen, L.D. (1997). Technostress: Coping With Technology @Work @Home @Play. USA : John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken.
Yu, T.K., Lin, M.L. and Liao, Y.K. (2017). Understanding Factors Influencing Information Communication Technology Adoption Behaviour: The Moderators Of Information Literacy And Digital Skills. Computers in Human Behaviour, 71, 196-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.005
Zafir Khan Mohamed Makhbul. (2025, 7 Februari). Ramai Menderita Teknostres. Harian Metro. https://www.hmetro.com.my/rencana/2025/02/1188006/ramai-menderita-teknostres#google_vignette.
Zhang, Z., Ye, B., Qiu, Z., Zhang, H and Yu, C. (2022). Does Technostress Increase R&D Employees’ Knowledge Hiding in the Digital Era?. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 873846, 1 - 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873846
