INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (IJIREV)

VOICES FROM THE MARGINS: ASNAF STUDENTS' PERSPECTIVES ON INTERACTING WITH TEACHERS IN A HIERARCHICAL SCHOOL CULTURE

2025-12-09T09:47:48+08:00

This study examines the perceptions of Asnaf students in Malaysia regarding their communication with teachers in a high power distant school culture, with a specific focus on the influence of online platforms such as WhatsApp, Telegram, and Facebook on these interactions. The research is framed through a phenomenological lens, concentrating solely on the lived experiences of Asnaf teenagers aged 13 to 17, excluding teacher perspectives. Data were gathered via comprehensive individual and focus group interviews and analyzed thematically through a coding scheme derived from Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and educational communication theories. The findings show that digital communication channels make it easier for students to get in touch, protect their privacy, and create a more relaxed environment that helps them feel less hesitant, afraid of being judged, and that there are hurdles to getting help. People thought that social media sites made it easier for students to get emotional support and faster feedback, which made them trust the sites more and want to use them more. Even while cultural norms that stress respect for authority are still strong, participants saw online communication as a useful way to deal with and, to some extent, lessen the effects of large power distance in teacher-student relationships. This study enhances the sparse research on communication equity in education by foregrounding the perspectives of students from marginalized socio-economic backgrounds. The results indicate that incorporating digital platforms into instructional practices may facilitate more inclusive and responsive communication, especially for marginalized groups in hierarchical educational settings.

BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS ON RESEARCH TRENDS IN LANDFILL LEACHATE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

2025-12-21T16:48:26+08:00

Landfill leachate treatment remains as one of global environmental challenges due to the complex composition of leachate which contains high concentrations of organic matter, ammoniacal nitrogen, heavy metals and refractory pollutants that threaten water quality and ecological systems. Despite the growing number of studies addressing this issue, a comprehensive understanding of the research landscape is limited, making it necessary to systematically map trends, influential contributions and emerging themes. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of leachate treatment technologies to identify scientific progress and intellectual structures shaping the field. Data were collected using the Scopus database through an advanced search with the keywords “landfill leachate” and “leachate treatment,” yielding 784 final records published between 2000 and 2025. The dataset was cleaned and harmonized using OpenRefine, statistical trends were analyzed with the Scopus analyzer, and knowledge structures were visualized using VOSviewer software. The results reveal a steady increase in publications with a notable surge after 2015, indicating growing global attention to leachate management. China leads research output, followed by Malaysia, Iran, and India, reflecting country priorities where landfilling remains the dominant waste disposal method. Citation analysis highlights highly influential works focusing on electrochemical oxidation, advanced oxidation processes, adsorption, and biological technologies, while keyword co-occurrence mapping identifies emerging themes in electro-Fenton processes, membrane bioreactors, microbial community dynamics, and integrated treatment approaches. Collaboration patterns suggest increasing international partnerships, particularly among Asian and European countries. Hence, this study contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a holistic overview of research trends, influential publications and thematic clusters offering valuable insights for policymakers, landfill practitioners and researchers to advance sustainable solutions in landfill leachate treatment.

TRANSFORMING FRUITS PEELS WASTE MANGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana L.) INTO BIO-BATTERIES

2025-11-20T12:00:08+08:00

This study introduces a novel bio-battery system derived from mangosteen peel waste, an underexplored agricultural by-product, as a sustainable and eco-friendly energy source. Processed peels were utilized as the electrolyte in single-, dual-, and triple-beaker configurations, with voltage and current outputs systematically evaluated. Results revealed a positive correlation between peel mass and voltage generation, increasing from 0.987 V at 10 g to 0.996 V at 30 g. The bio-battery successfully powered small electronic devices such as LED bulbs, demonstrating its functional viability. By transforming fruit waste into a renewable energy material, this work provides new insights into waste-to-energy applications and highlights the untapped potential of mangosteen peel in advancing green technology innovation.

DIGITIZING LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN: THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF DIGITAL TWIN IN OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE

2025-12-21T10:06:55+08:00

Digital Twin (DT) technology can be strategically integrated with Lean Supply Chain Management (LSCM) to improve operational excellence. A narrative literature review was undertaken using PRISMA methods to filter over 200 peer-reviewed articles (2020–2025) using Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. The study uses the Technology Organization Environment (TOE) theory to describe a moderation paradigm in which technological readiness moderates the relationship between DT adoption and Supply Chain Performance. The results imply that DT-enabled lean systems offer better visibility, predictive analytics, and scenario modelling than reactive solutions. Integration makes lean proactive, improving efficiency, resilience, and sustainability. The paradigm fills a crucial research vacuum by explaining how DT improves lean's success while accounting for organisational and technology factors. Empirical testing is needed for this conceptual investigation, which will lay the groundwork for Structural Equation Modelling. Management should link DT expenditures with organisational preparedness to prevent digital waste and maximise strategic value, according to the report. This work advances academic scholarship and managerial practice by integrating DT, lean supply chain methods, and TOE contingencies into a theoretical model. It shows how digital technologies and lean concepts can digitise operational excellence and create more flexible, future-ready supply chains.

THE RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES EXPERIENCES ON COMMERCIALISATION SUPPORT SYSTEM

2025-12-24T13:11:54+08:00

This article explores the experiences of Research Universities (RU) on Commercialisation Support Systems (CSS) with a specific focus in the Malaysian context. Research design, data and methodology: A qualitative research was carried out, in which six RU were interviewed. A structured interview was conducted. To analyse and interpret the data was using an approach adopted in qualitative thematic strategy. The findings were transcribed using Atlas.ti software to analyse related themes through a thematic analysis approach to link theories. Results: The findings provide useful insights into the significant roles of support system on the commercialisation strategy and impacts on the ecosystem of innovation and commercialisation to strengthen the role of university-industry-community relation to drive the economy towards a high-income nation. Conclusions: This study will contribute theory through commercialisation literature by adding new knowledge concerning the link between universities and support system in commercialisation. Therefore, the practical contributions are significant for universities; industries; research institutes; government and societies to develop and plan strategically for effective, strategic and sustainable support system in innovation and commercialisation ecosystem.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF GLUTEN-FREE DUMPLING SKINS: IMPACT OF SWEET POTATO AND TAPIOCA FLOUR RATIOS

2025-12-08T16:49:16+08:00

The demand for gluten-free alternatives continues to rise due to increasing awareness of gluten intolerance and celiac disease. This study aimed to develop gluten-free dumpling skins using sweet potato flour (SPF) and tapioca flour (TPF) in three formulations (SP30:TP70, SP50:TP50, SP10:TP90), and to evaluate their physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties. Proximate analysis was conducted to assess moisture and protein content, while texture profile analysis measured hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness. Sensory evaluation was performed using a 9-point hedonic scale. Among the formulations, SP50:TP50 (F2) exhibited the most desirable texture and overall sensory acceptability, balancing firmness with favourable mouthfeel. Instrumental chewiness showed partial correlation with sensory chewiness and acceptability, confirming that mechanical parameters alone are insufficient to predict consumer preferences. Formulations with higher sweet potato content showed improved nutritional profiles and enhanced taste perception due to their natural sweetness and moisture retention. These results suggest that sweet potato and tapioca flour blends can produce acceptable gluten-free dumplings with good structural integrity and consumer appeal. Integrating both instrumental and sensory analyses is essential for optimizing gluten-free formulations.

DECISION-MAKING APPROACHES IN BUILDING MAINTENANCE: A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW OF GLOBAL TRENDS AND METHODS

2025-12-21T16:21:36+08:00

The growing complexity of building assets and infrastructure has intensified the need for structured and data-driven decision-making approaches in maintenance management. Despite increasing research attention, the literature on how decision-making methods are applied in building maintenance remains fragmented and lacks a comprehensive synthesis of global trends and thematic directions. This bibliometric analysis aims to map and evaluate the research landscape of decision-making approaches in building maintenance using a systematic data-driven methodology. A total of 532 relevant documents published between year 2000 until October 2025 were retrieved from the Scopus database using keyword searches including "decision making," "multi-criteria decision making (MCDM)," "building maintenance," and "infrastructure maintenance." The data was analyzed using Scopus analyzer to identify publication trends, top contributing countries, authors, and journals. OpenRefine was utilized to clean and standardize the data, ensuring consistency in author names, keywords, and affiliations. VOSviewer software was employed to visualize co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, and country collaborations, generating comprehensive knowledge maps that reveal the intellectual and thematic structure of the field. The findings indicate a significant increase in research output over the last decade, with notable contributions from countries such as the United States, China, and the United Kingdom. Key thematic clusters identified include multi-criteria decision models, digital technologies such as BIM and digital twins, and sustainability-driven maintenance strategies. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by highlighting research hotspots, influential contributors, and emerging themes, offering valuable insights for academics, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to enhance decision-making in building maintenance through structured and technology-supported approaches.

DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AND THE STRATEGIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

2025-12-12T16:47:31+08:00

Innovation and entrepreneurship are increasingly recognized as central drivers of transformation in the global economy. The rise of disruptive innovation, where emerging technologies and novel business models challenge established firms, has reshaped industries such as retail, transportation, finance, and healthcare. Entrepreneurs play a critical role in this process by using agility, creativity, and risk-taking to identify market gaps and deliver solutions that traditional firms are often too slow to adopt. Technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are particularly influential, enabling efficiency, transparency, and personalization while creating new market opportunities. However, the potential of disruptive innovation is accompanied by significant challenges. Established firms frequently resist change due to organizational inertia, while entrepreneurs must navigate regulatory uncertainty, limited access to funding, and consumer hesitancy in adopting new products or services. At the same time, ethical and social issues such as job displacement from automation, privacy concerns related to data-driven technologies, and the precarious nature of gig economy employment raise questions about sustainability and fairness. This paper examines the dynamics of disruptive innovation and entrepreneurship by analyzing the role of emerging technologies, entrepreneurial strategies, and the obstacles faced in transforming industries. It emphasizes the importance of fostering a culture of innovation, investing in research and development, embracing digital transformation, and prioritizing ethical considerations. The study concludes that disruptive innovation is not only a technological advancement but also a transformative force that redefines industries and creates pathways for sustainable growth.

BUILDING CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF MALAYSIAN POLYTECHNICS USING BCARS: A DATA-DRIVEN MAINTENANCE STRATEGY

2025-12-24T12:48:00+08:00

Building maintenance in higher education institutions is a critical aspect of ensuring safety, functionality, and long-term sustainability. However, the prioritization of maintenance budgets is often subjective and reactive. This study aims to assess the condition of polytechnic buildings in Malaysia using the Building Condition Assessment Rating System (BCARS) and to analyse the relationship between condition scores and budget allocation priorities. A cross-sectional building condition survey was conducted across six Malaysian polytechnics. The BCARS instrument was applied to assess defects in civil, mechanical, and electrical components. Descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression were performed. Three polytechnics were classified as critical to very critical. Civil component defects contributed the most to overall BCARS scores (β = .72, p < .01). Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between the number of defects and BCARS scores (r = .85, p < .05). Pareto analysis confirmed that approximately 80% of the total condition score was driven by four key components: walls, ceilings, doors, and roofs. The findings highlight the potential of BCARS as a data-driven decision support tool for prioritizing maintenance budgets. A focus on critical few components can significantly reduce deterioration risk and optimize limited resources. This study emphasizes that BCARS can help facility managers make maintenance budget decisions more systematically, transparently, and effectively, thereby supporting the sustainability of TVET education facilities in Malaysia.

KECEKAPAN LOGISTIK KEMANUSIAAN DALAM MENANGANI KRISIS BANJIR: KAJIAN KES DI UMK KAMPUS KOTA

2025-12-08T16:35:26+08:00

Banjir merupakan bencana alam yang berulang di Malaysia, yang menyebabkan kemusnahan teruk dan krisis kemanusiaan. Logistik kemanusiaan yang berkesan memainkan peranan penting dalam penyampaian bantuan asas yang cepat dan berkesan ke kawasan bencana. Fokus kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberkesanan logistik kemanusiaan dalam bantuan banjir di Kampus Kota, UMK. Untuk tujuan itu, kajian ini meneroka hubungan antara pembolehubah bersandar (keberkesanan pengagihan bekalan dalam bantuan kemanusiaan) dengan empat pembolehubah bebas (keparahan banjir, penyelarasan organisasi, teknologi dalam bantuan banjir dan strategi kesiapsiagaan sebelum bencana). Kajian ini menggunakan pensampelan bukan kebarangkalian (pensampelan bertujuan) dan soal selidik dijalankan secara dalam talian ke atas 364 responden menggunakan Google Form. Analisis data secara kuantitatif telah dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan perisian SPSS versi 30. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik dan positif antara keberkesanan pengagihan bekalan dengan tiga pembolehubah iaitu keparahan banjir, penyelarasan organisasi, dan strategi kesiapsiagaan sebelum bencana. Penemuan ini menekankan keperluan kritikal terhadap perancangan yang proaktif, integrasi teknologi yang lancar, serta kerjasama yang kukuh dalam kalangan pihak berkepentingan untuk meningkatkan keupayaan pengurusan banjir. Walaupun kajian ini mempunyai beberapa keterbatasan, ia memberikan pandangan yang berguna kepada UMK, pembuat dasar, dan pertubuhan bukan kerajaan (NGO) untuk meningkatkan kecekapan logistik dan memperbaiki usaha tindak balas di kawasan yang terdedah kepada banjir.

Flooding is a recurring natural disaster in Malaysia, causing severe destruction and humanitarian crises. Effective humanitarian logistics play a vital role in the rapid and efficient delivery of essential aid to disaster-affected areas. The focus of this study is to analyze the factors that influence the effectiveness of humanitarian logistics in flood relief efforts at UMK City Campus. To achieve this objective, the study explores the relationship between the dependent variable (effectiveness of supply distribution in humanitarian aid) and four independent variables (flood severity, organizational coordination, technology in flood relief, and pre-disaster preparedness strategies). This study employed a non-probability sampling method (purposive sampling), and data were collected online from 364 respondents using a Google Form questionnaire. Quantitative data analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 30. The findings revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship between the effectiveness of supply distribution and three variables: flood severity, organizational coordination, and pre-disaster preparedness strategies. These findings highlight the critical need for proactive planning, seamless technology integration, and strong collaboration among stakeholders to enhance flood management capabilities. Although this study has certain limitations, it provides valuable insights for UMK, policymakers, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to improve logistics efficiency and strengthen response efforts in flood-prone areas.

THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE FOOD AND BEVERAGES (F&B) SECTOR: A BIBLIOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE

2025-12-21T15:50:52+08:00

The rapid advancement of digital technologies has significantly reshaped industries worldwide, with the Food and Beverages (F&B) sector increasingly recognized as a critical area for digital transformation. While digitalization in this sector plays a vital role in improving operational efficiency, enhancing consumer engagement and promoting sustainability, scholarly research on its evolution remains fragmented and requires systematic examination. This study addresses this gap by conducting a bibliometric analysis to explore the development, trends and intellectual structures of digital transformation in the F&B sector. Data were collected from the Scopus database using advanced search techniques with the keywords “digital transformation,” “digitalization,” and “food and beverages,” resulting in a dataset of 932 publications. To ensure data accuracy and consistency, OpenRefine was employed for cleaning and harmonization, while the Scopus analyzer provided descriptive statistics and graphical insights. Furthermore, VOSviewer software was used to generate network visualizations, including co-authorship, keyword co-occurrence and citation analyses, which enabled the identification of research patterns and thematic clusters. Here, the results reveal a sharp increase in publications after 2020, driven largely by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the accelerated adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. The United States, Italy and the United Kingdom emerged as the leading contributors, while emerging economies such as Indonesia, India and Malaysia are gaining prominence. Highly cited articles were largely concentrated on themes of sustainability, innovation and digital technology integration, with “innovation,” “sustainable development,” and “industry 4.0” among the most frequent keywords. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the intellectual landscape of digital transformation in the F&B sector, offering valuable insights for researchers, practitioners and policymakers to advance future research and guide strategic innovation.

RISK-BASED PREDICTIVE MODELLING FOR HIGHWAY PROJECT DURATIONS IN NIGERIA USING MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

2025-12-31T13:32:08+08:00

Across the globe, highway infrastructure plays a pivotal role in national development by supporting the movement of people, goods, and services, making the timely delivery of such projects essential for economic growth and public welfare. Highway infrastructure projects attract huge budgetary allocations; hence, their timely completion is of significant importance. In Nigeria, schedule overruns on highway projects remain a persistent challenge, and previous studies on forecasting highway project duration relied mainly on conventional methods, which have yielded limited accuracy. This study presents a more robust approach to predicting highway construction durations by integrating both contemporary and traditional modelling techniques “Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR).” A dataset comprising 103 completed federal highway projects executed between 2002 and 2022 was compiled using a snowball sampling strategy, drawing from the 2017 Federal Ministry of Works and Housing publication as well as additional inputs from highway engineers and quantity surveyors across Nigeria. For each project, a key professional was selected using the purposive sampling method to solicit detailed information on schedule-related risk factors via a structured questionnaire. These identified risks, combined with historical schedule data for each identified project, were employed as predictor variables for developing the schedule estimation models. Comparative analysis of model performance indicated that the ANN technique produced significantly more accurate duration forecasts than the MLR model. The study contributes to a practical and data-driven predictive tool that can assist government agencies, consulting firms, and contractors in enhancing the reliability of schedule planning and mitigating delays in future highway infrastructure delivery.

THE LATEST TRENDS IN THE DIGITAL DISPLAY OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE PAINTING

2025-12-09T10:39:16+08:00

This study investigates current trends in the digital display of traditional Chinese painting. From 158 CNKI articles, keyword analysis with VOSviewer and qualitative coding with NVivo identified five dimensions: applications, communication strategies, technology types, experience features, and transmission modes. Results show that research highlights digital archives, education, museum exhibitions, and immersive tools such as VR and AR, but often lacks sustainability, cultural interpretation, and empirical validation. The study concludes that future work should integrate cultural values with user-centered and sustainable strategies to enhance both preservation and global dissemination of Chinese painting.

ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH FRONTS AND EMERGING DIRECTIONS: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

2025-12-22T09:45:43+08:00

The rapid rise in electronic waste (e-waste) generation has arise as a major global environmental and sustainability issue, driven by inadequate management, recycling, as well as disposal of electronic and electrical equipment. As global consumption of digital devices continues to rise, research on e-waste management has expanded substantially; however, the field remains fragmented, with a limited understanding of its knowledge structure, evolution, and emerging research directions. This study aims to chart and analyze worldwide research trends, influential authors, countries, as well as thematic developments in e-waste management through a bibliometric approach. Data were collected from the Scopus database employing the advanced search string TITLE ("electronic waste" OR "e-waste" OR "WEEE" AND "management"), limited to English-language publications between 2020 and 2025. The final refined dataset comprised 598 articles, which served as the foundation for analysis. The Scopus Analyzer was employed to extract and visualize statistical patterns such as annual publication growth, authorship distribution, and country contributions. OpenRefine was utilized to clean and harmonize bibliographic data, ensuring consistency and accuracy, while VOSviewer software was used to perform network visualizations of co-authorship, keyword co-occurrence, and citation linkages. The results revealed a sharp increase in research output after 2020, with India, China, and the United States emerging as leading contributors. Frequently occurring keywords included electronic waste, recycling, sustainable development, circular economy, and environmental management, indicating strong alignment with sustainability and policy-oriented research. The visualization maps further identified six major research clusters encompassing technological innovation, environmental health, policy implementation, and circular resource recovery. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of global research dynamics in e-waste management, offering valuable insights into current research fronts and emerging directions that can inform future policy, industry practice, and academic collaboration.

BALANCING EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION IN ANT COLONY SYSTEM FOR WASTE COLLECTION VEHICLE ROUTING PROBLEM WITH TIME WINDOWS

2025-12-08T16:22:11+08:00

The Vehicle Routing Problem is a combinatorial optimization problem in logistics aiming to determine optimal routes for a fleet of vehicles servicing a set of customers. The vital challenge in optimizing route efficiency includes reducing total distance, satisfying demand, and vehicle capacity constraints. The Vehicle Routing Problem Time Window introduces time window constraints that reflect real-world scenarios, requiring each customer to be serviced within a specified time interval, thus significantly increasing problem complexity. As the global waste generation is expected to continue to grow worldwide over the coming decades, the demand for the Waste Collection Vehicle Routing Problem with time window is essential. Ant Colony System (ACS) produces high-quality solutions, especially for complex scenarios. However, it leads to the issues of premature convergence and stagnation. This research explored insights using the waste collection benchmark dataset. To further enhance the result, the parameter settings of the parameter values were tuned during testing. The aim is to improve the solution quality by utilizing the exploration and exploitation capabilities of ACS. Experimental results demonstrate performance improvement in reducing the travel distance. Future research should explore the use of hybrid algorithms in actual platforms, considering sustainable logistics, and contribute to a scalable solution for logistics.

BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (BESS) PLACEMENT AND SIZING STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCED POWER SYSTEM STABILITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2025-12-21T10:46:44+08:00

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) have emerged as a critical solution for enhancing power system stability amidst increasing variability from modern power grids. However, determining the optimal placement and sizing of BESS remains a complex challenge due to diverse grid topologies, operational uncertainties, and the need to balance technical and economic performance. This study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on BESS placement and sizing strategies to improve overall power system stability. Using the PRISMA methodology, a structured search was conducted across Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus, applying advanced keyword combinations to ensure comprehensive coverage. A total of 30 primary studies were identified and screened for relevance and methodological quality. The reviewed literature was synthesized into three thematic areas: (1) Placement, Sizing and Allocation of BESS covering planning approaches and grid-integration strategies; (2) Frequency, Dynamic Stability and Control with BESS focusing on operational stability improvements under low-inertia and contingency conditions; and (3) Optimization Methods, Techno-economic Management, Scheduling and Microgrids addressing algorithmic frameworks and economic considerations in BESS deployment. Numerical findings across the studies show that coordinated placement–sizing decisions can reduce instability indices, while advanced optimization techniques enhance both dynamic performance and cost efficiency. Several studies also highlight the importance of integrating control dynamics and probabilistic assessments to avoid over-sizing and improve robustness under uncertainty. Overall, this review consolidates existing knowledge, identifies methodological gaps, and highlights future research opportunities toward developing more integrated, reliable, and cost-effective BESS planning frameworks for enhanced power system stability.

IMPACT OF SIMPLIFIED PACKAGING DESIGN ON PERCEIVED ECO-FRIENDLINESS AND SUSTAINABLE BUYING INTENTION AMONG CHINESE STUDENTS

2025-12-31T12:42:01+08:00

Increased environmental awareness and sustainability-induced consumption have paved the way for packaging design to be the major factor that influences consumers by presenting them with eco-friendly products. The present research investigates the impact of minimalist packaging on the perceived green image (PGI) and purchase intention (PI) among university students in China, a group that is often connected with the sustainability consumption trend. The objective is to determine whether a product that has been packed in a minimalist way is viewed as more eco-friendly and, thus, its purchase intention is increased as opposed to that of a product in a non-minimalist package. The study carried out was a quantitative, between-subjects, experiment study, which involved 210 participants randomly assigned to either two packaging conditions. The data was collected by an online survey and were analyzed via SPSS and the PROCESS macro created by Hayes in order to find out whether PGI was a mediator that traced a correlation between packaging design, PI and PGI. The analysis led to the conclusion that minimum packaging generated about 54 percent of the variance and complete the relationship between packaging design and purchase intention in terms of PGI. This translated into a much greater score in PGI and PI (p < 0.001). The study contributes to the literature on the topic by showing the ways in which visual simplicity can be used as a selling point of a sustainable choice and it offers marketers an idea of how to combine minimalist beauty with environmental concerns in designing a pack structure.

DESIGN OF A COST-EFFECTIVE LOOSE PALM OIL FRESH FRUIT COLLECTOR FOR SMALL-SCALE FARMERS

2025-12-09T10:01:31+08:00

This study investigates the enhancement of existing low-cost loose palm oil fresh fruit collectors. The aims are to design and fabricate simple, portable, cost-effective, and user-friendly collector for small-scale farmers, aiming to alleviate back pain and spinal issues among workers. To achieve this, a tool was developed by modifying the traditional spike-based loose palm oil fruit collector. Data were gathered from various research sources, then prototype was designed and developed, followed by a performance analysis of the newly designed collector. The results demonstrate that the new design is versatile, capable of gathering not only loose palm oil fresh fruits but also other types of fruits, thereby increasing its utility and value for farmers. Specifically, the new collector reduces the physical strain on workers by incorporating ergonomic features that minimize bending and lifting. This improvement is crucial for small-scale farmers who often lack access to advanced machinery and rely heavily on manual labor. The cost-effectiveness of the new design is another significant finding. By utilizing readily available materials and simple manufacturing processes, the new collector remains affordable for small-scale farmers, ensuring that it can be widely adopted without imposing a financial burden. This aspect is particularly important in developing regions where budget constraints often limit access to improved agricultural tools. The research underscores the importance of innovation in addressing the challenges faced by small-scale farmers and emphasizes the need for continued efforts to develop tools that improve agricultural practices. The findings of this study have the potential to drive further advancements in agricultural technology and improve the livelihoods of farmers in the palm oil industry.

METABOLOMIC SIGNATURES IN THE PROGRESSION AND TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

2025-12-21T17:16:45+08:00

Metabolomics has emerged as a promising approach to elucidate the biochemical signatures underlying the onset, progression, and treatment response of substance use disorders (SUDs), yet the research landscape in this field remains fragmented and underexplored. To address this gap, this study applies a bibliometric analysis to map and evaluate the global research trends on metabolomic signatures in SUDs, with a focus on their role in therapeutic development. Data were collected through Scopus advanced searching using the keywords “metabolomic,” “signature,” “substance use disorder,” and “treatment,” yielding a total of 1,214 publications. The dataset was processed and harmonized using OpenRefine, analyzed through the Scopus Analyzer for descriptive statistics and trends, and visualized using VOSviewer to generate co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence networks. The results highlight a consistent upward trend in publications over the past decade, with significant contributions concentrated in high-income countries, particularly the United States, China, and European nations. Keyword mapping revealed research hotspots clustered around biomarker discovery, neurobiological mechanisms, and personalized treatment strategies, while co-authorship networks showed a growing yet fragmented collaboration among multidisciplinary teams. Citation analyses identified influential authors and journals driving the field, underscoring the translational potential of metabolomics in bridging laboratory findings with clinical interventions. Thisbibliometric evidence suggests that metabolomic profiling is increasingly recognized as a critical tool for advancing precision medicine approaches in SUDs, though stronger international collaboration and integration with pharmacological research remain needed. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive overview of the intellectual structure and emerging directions in this domain, offering valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers working toward improved treatment outcomes in substance use disorders.

BUILDING SUSTAINABLE CAMPUSES: HOW GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SATISFACTION AND ACCESSIBILITY DRIVE LONG-TERM PHYSICAL ACTIVITY?

2025-11-23T09:22:59+08:00

This study investigates how satisfaction with and accessibility to campus green infrastructure influence students’ motivation and long-term participation in physical activity. As universities pursue sustainable development aligned with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), green infrastructure—comprising parks, trails, and eco-friendly recreational zoneshas emerged as a crucial driver of health and well-being. Guided by Self-Determination Theory and environmental psychology frameworks, this quantitative study employed a cross-sectional survey of 300 university students and analyzed the data using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results revealed that satisfaction with green infrastructure significantly predicts physical activity motivation (β = 0.42, p < 0.001), which in turn strongly influences long-term participation (β = 0.48, p < 0.001). Accessibility (β = 0.39, p < 0.001) and maintenance (β = 0.35, p < 0.001) were also key determinants of usage frequency, while demographic factors and perceived barriers mediated engagement levels. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed model validity with robust indices (CFI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.046). The findings highlight that well-maintained, accessible, and aesthetically appealing green spaces enhance motivation, satisfaction, and behavioral persistence toward active living. Universities are therefore encouraged to embed sustainable design, routine maintenance, and inclusive accessibility policies into campus planning to foster long-term student well-being and environmental engagement.

INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ADAPTATION IN THE EMERGING SOCIAL COMMERCE ENVIRONMENT OF TIKTOK SHOP

2025-12-21T10:14:32+08:00

The rise of TikTok Shop has redefined entrepreneurship by merging social media engagement with digital commerce, offering entrepreneurs unprecedented opportunities and challenges. This paper examines the strategic dimensions of entrepreneurship within TikTok Shop, focusing on trust-building, consumer engagement, influencer collaboration, data-driven decision-making, and regulatory compliance. Findings highlight that TikTok Shop reduces barriers to entry and enhances market visibility through algorithm-driven discovery and live-stream commerce, enabling small entrepreneurs to scale rapidly. However, issues such as market saturation, algorithm dependency, consumer trust deficits, and logistical limitations pose significant risks. By synthesizing insights from trust theory, consumer behavior, and digital entrepreneurship literature, this study proposes a strategic framework that emphasizes algorithmic literacy, sustainable differentiation, responsible data use, and community-based marketing. The analysis contributes to both theoretical discourse and practical guidance by outlining how entrepreneurs can balance creativity, technological adaptation, and ethical responsibility. Ultimately, TikTok Shop is positioned not only as a sales platform but also as an evolving entrepreneurial ecosystem that reshapes value creation, opportunity recognition, and competitive advantage in the digital era.

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT SATISFACTION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: ADAPTING SERVQUAL TO RAPID KL

2025-12-24T13:31:18+08:00

Public transportation systems play a crucial role in sustainable urban development; however, ridership rates in Malaysia remain below optimal levels, despite significant infrastructure investments. University students represent a key demographic for public transport utilization, but their satisfaction levels and usage patterns remain understudied in the Malaysian context. This study examines the perception of public transport services and customer satisfaction among National Defence University Malaysia (NDUM) students specifically regarding Rapid KL bus services, addressing critical gaps in understanding how service quality dimensions influence student satisfaction and subsequent usage patterns. A conceptual framework based on the adapted SERVQUAL model is proposed, focusing on six key dimensions: reliability and punctuality, tangible service environment, accessibility and convenience, safety and security, information and communication, and staff service quality. A quantitative research design is proposed to investigate relationships between perceived service quality and customer satisfaction. Reliability and accessibility are expected to emerge as primary determinants of student satisfaction, while safety concerns and service frequency are anticipated to significantly influence usage decisions. The study will contribute to the theoretical understanding of public transport customer satisfaction in a public university. The research provides practical recommendations for service improvement, including enhanced reliability, improved information systems, and targeted strategies to increase public transport adoption among young adults. Policy implications encompass institutional and governmental levels, supporting sustainable mobility practices and social equity objectives. This conceptual study presents a comprehensive framework for understanding public transport customer satisfaction among university students, offering valuable insights for transportation planners, policymakers, and service providers seeking to enhance the effectiveness of public transport in Malaysia.

THE ASSESSMENT OF CALORIEMASTER THROUGH THE SYSTEM USABILITY SCALE

2025-12-08T16:55:49+08:00

The increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide and associated health issues suggest that there is an urgent need for successful digital health interventions. CalorieMaster is a digital solution that is designed to provide individuals with the ultimate tool to ensure they achieve a good health and fitness from their diet through advanced nutrition management. This proposed application provides users with simple tracking of their caloric intake, detailed macronutrient breakdowns, including those that are sugar-derived, as well as total sugars, and innovative graphics displaying easy-to-understand statistics on daily dietary habits. Features include a large food database, easy and simple tracking of foods, personalised meal plans based on weight loss goals and eating preferences, and dynamic progress monitoring with interactive charts. CalorieMaster’s user interface and user experience are assessed in this paper, considering navigation, functionality and aesthetic design through a user-centred perspective. The outcomes of the evaluation include, for instance, high user satisfaction with respect to ease of use and intuitive interaction design on the one hand, as well as positive statements towards personalised meal recommendations and progress tracking. In addition, limitations were observed in the search feature and food database.

BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS ON THE EVOLUTION OF FIRE RESISTANCE IN TIMBER STRUCTURE

2025-12-21T16:33:27+08:00

The increasing demand for sustainable and fire-safe construction has drawn significant attention to the fire resistance of timber structures, yet a comprehensive overview of global research trends in this field remains limited. This study addresses this gap by conducting a bibliometric analysis to evaluate the development, patterns, and collaborations in fire resistance research related to timber. Data were collected through Scopus advanced searching using defined keywords, which yielded 402 relevant documents published between 2000 and 2025. The analysis employed the Scopus analyzer to generate statistical outputs and graphical trends, while OpenRefine was applied to clean and harmonize the dataset, ensuring accuracy and consistency in author names, keywords, and institutional affiliations. VOSviewer software was then used to perform network visualizations, including co-authorship, keyword co-occurrence, citation, and country collaboration mapping. The numerical results reveal a steady increase in publications over the last two decades, with a significant surge after 2015, indicating growing global recognition of timber's role in sustainable construction and the need for enhanced fire safety performance. China, Canada, and the United States emerge as the most productive contributors, while highly cited papers are concentrated in journals focusing on fire safety, structural engineering, and material science. Co-occurrence keyword analysis highlights recurring themes such as fire resistance, charring rates, cross-laminated timber, and fire protection strategies, which together demonstrate the field's evolution from fundamental testing toward advanced modelling and engineered wood applications. The findings contribute to the body of knowledge by identifying research gaps, highlighting leading countries and institutions, and emphasising international collaboration as a driver of innovation. Overall, this study provides a clear bibliometric overview of research trends in fire resistance of timber structures, supporting the advancement of safe, resilient, and sustainable construction practices.

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IN CONCRETE ENGINEERING: A BIBLIOMETRIC AND SCIENTOMETRIC REVIEW

2025-11-20T11:54:13+08:00

This bibliometric review maps the evolution of microbial biotechnology in concrete engineering using Scopus records (final stage, English) retrieved on 30 September 2025. After OpenRefine cleaning and harmonisation, 1,732 publications were analysed with VOSviewer (association-strength normalisation; full counting) to construct networks of author keywords, countries, and sources. Publications have accelerated since 2015, with Engineering, Materials Science, and Environmental Science dominating the field. Keyword co-occurrence reveals four clusters centred on MICP mechanisms, durability/self-healing, characterisation methods, and sustainable construction. India, the United States, and China lead in output, while Belgium shows high citation impact. We highlight methodological transparency (query, access date, thresholds) and report gaps in long-term field validation and scale-up strategies. The study provides an evidence-based map of hotspots and collaborations to guide future research on durable, low-carbon concrete.

ANALYZING TECHNOLOGICAL ADAPTATION NEEDS OF VISUAL ART ORGANIZATIONS IN KELANTAN THROUGH A CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY LENS

2025-12-12T16:57:22+08:00

This concept paper discusses the need for technological adaptation in visual art organizations through the theoretical framework of Culture in, for, and as Sustainable Development proposed by Dessein, Soini, Fairclough, and Horlings in 2015. While digital technologies such as virtual exhibitions, online marketing, and digital archiving have expanded access and continuity in the arts, they also pose challenges for organizations in culturally rooted contexts such as Kelantan, Malaysia. Existing studies on adaptation in the creative industries often focus on innovation, organizational management, or the creative economy, but give limited attention to culture as the foundation of sustainability. This paper argues that culture should be positioned not as a supplementary element but as the center of sustainable development in the arts. By employing the three dimensions of the framework; culture-in (culture as a fundamental component), culture-for (culture as a driver of development), and culture-as (culture as the very framework of development), this paper provides a conceptual lens to analyze the technological adaptation needs of local visual art organizations. The discussion highlights the importance of heritage preservation, the mobilization of culture for economic and social purposes, and the alignment of innovation with local identity. This framework also offers practical implications for policy, strategy, and future research.

RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA

2025-12-24T12:57:43+08:00

This paper explores the risk management practices within the Malaysian construction industry, which is essential for the success and sustainability of construction projects. Given the sector's complexity and exposure to various risks such as fluctuating costs, labour shortages, and regulatory changes, effective risk management is crucial. The study examines how companies and contractors identify, assess, and mitigate risks, while also highlighting the challenges in implementing comprehensive risk strategies, particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The paper provides insights into current practices, identifies gaps, and offers recommendations to improve risk management through better frameworks, training, and the integration of technologies like Building Information Modelling (BIM). The research methodology includes a comprehensive literature review and analysis of case studies from Malaysian construction projects. Findings indicate that while larger firms have adopted structured risk management approaches, SMEs continue to face challenges in implementation due to resource constraints and lack of expertise. The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing risk management practices through standardized frameworks, increased training, and greater technology adoption. Ultimately, enhancing risk management will help ensure the successful completion of construction projects in Malaysia.

THE STUDY OF FERTILIZER MADE FROM FOOD WASTE AND SAWDUST IN PELLET FORM AND COMPOST

2025-12-08T16:39:51+08:00

Fertilizers are essential in modern agriculture which improve soil health by supplying key nutrients for plant growth. Meanwhile, food waste presents a serious global issue, contributing to methane emissions from landfills and accelerating climate change. Sawdust, another abundant waste byproduct from the wood industry, also poses disposal challenges. This study explores composting and pelleting fertilizers using varying proportions of food waste and sawdust to support sustainable farming. Compost was produced by combining food waste, sawdust, dry leaves, and effective microorganisms (EM) in a bin. Key parameters monitored included pH, temperature, moisture content, as well as carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) and carbon-to-phosphorus (C:P) ratios. Pelleted fertilizer was produced by grinding, mixing, and pelletizing the same materials. Composting results showed pH levels from 3.44 to 7.49 and temperatures between 22.4°C and 34.1°C. Moisture content declined over time. Sample A recorded the highest C:N and C:P ratios of 12:1 and 20:1, respectively. Iron and manganese concentrations remained low (0.36 mg/L and 0.59 mg/L), indicating non-toxicity. The pelleted fertilizer exhibited uniform size and shape due to the precision of the pelleting apparatus. Sample A showed the highest water stability at 88% after 10 minutes. Sample E had the highest bulk density (2.28 g/cm³), while samples A and B recorded the lowest (2.26 g/cm³). All samples displayed consistent pellet sizes in particle distribution. This study demonstrates that composting food waste and sawdust yields nutrient-rich and environmentally safe fertilizers. The results support the integration of food waste recycling into agricultural practices which promote soil fertility and environmental sustainability.

TRENDS AND RESEARCH FRONTIER IN GREEN INDUSTRY SUSTAINABILITY

2025-12-21T16:01:12+08:00

The growing urgency of addressing climate change and achieving sustainable development has positioned the green industry as a critical driver of environmental, social, and economic transformation. However, despite increasing scholarly interest, there remains a need to systematically map the intellectual landscape and research frontiers in green industry sustainability. This study employs a bibliometric approach to provide a comprehensive overview of global research trends in this field. Data were collected using Scopus advanced searching with the keywords “green industries,” “green manufacturing,” and “sustainability,” yielding a total of 836 publications. The dataset was refined and harmonized using OpenRefine, analyzed statistically with the Scopus analyzer, and visualized through VOSviewer to identify co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, and citation structures. The results reveal a steady growth in publications over the last decade, indicating the rising significance of green industry sustainability in academic discourse. Highly cited works predominantly focus on sustainable manufacturing practices, policy frameworks, and the integration of advanced technologies such as blockchain and Industry 4.0 for sustainable supply chain management. The United States, China, and European countries emerge as leading contributors, with extensive international collaboration shaping the field’s development. Keyword analysis highlights the dominance of terms such as “sustainability,” “green manufacturing,” and “circular economy,” reflecting the evolving thematic clusters that define the research frontier. These findings underscore the centrality of innovation, policy, and collaboration in advancing sustainable industrial practices while pointing toward emerging directions for future research. Overall, this bibliometric analysis maps the current state of knowledge and provides insights to guide policymakers, scholars, as well as practitioners in accelerating the transition toward sustainable green industries.

CURATING THROUGH CRISIS: VISUAL ART EXHIBITION PRACTICES OF KELANTAN’S ART ORGANIZATIONS IN THE POST-PANDEMIC ERA (2020–2022)

2025-12-12T16:37:10+08:00

This study explores the situation of visual art exhibitions and curatorial practices in Kelantan during the post-pandemic period of 2020–2022. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the local arts ecosystem, forcing cancellations of physical exhibitions and limiting artists’ visibility. Organizations were compelled to adapt, with some experimenting with digital platforms, though virtual exhibitions could not fully replace physical interaction. Using a qualitative approach, data were gathered from literature, official reports, websites, social media, and semi-structured interviews with representatives of seven organizations: Balai Seni Lukis Kelantan (BSLK), Persatuan Pelukis Kelantan (PESENI), Persatuan Penggiat Seni Lukis (PELUKIS), Persatuan Seniman dan Warisan Kelantan (PESTA), Sendi Studio & Gallery (SSG), Balai Kartun Rossem (BKR), and Kotak Seni. Thematic analysis focused on exhibition formats, changes in curatorial practices, and post-pandemic challenges and opportunities. Findings show traditional organizations such as PESENI, PELUKIS, and PESTA struggled due to weak digital literacy and reliance on physical exhibitions, while BSLK and BKR used temporary digital measures before returning to physical formats. In contrast, SSG and Kotak Seni adapted more effectively, positioning digital platforms at the core of their curatorial strategies and expanding international networks. The study concludes that technological adaptation is no longer optional but a fundamental requirement for sustaining visual art exhibition culture in Kelantan.

FROM RITUAL CRAFT TO DIGITAL SYMBOL: CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF GUILIN PAPER-CUTTING (2006–2025)

2025-12-24T11:45:53+08:00

Guilin paper-cutting, a traditional Chinese folk art rich in symbolic and aesthetic value, is undergoing significant transformation in response to digital media, cultural policy, and changing modes of public participation. Although studies on intangible cultural heritage (ICH) highlight issues of preservation and innovation, limited research has examined how traditional crafts evolve across symbolic, emotional, and behavioral dimensions. This study analyzes the cultural transformation of Guilin paper-cutting from 2006 to 2025 through a Symbol–Emotion–Behavior framework. Using a systematic literature review of 72 sources and semi-structured interviews with practitioners, educators, and cultural workers, the research identifies three major shifts. First, symbolic expression has expanded from ritual motifs to diversified contemporary themes shaped by tourism, education, and youth culture. Second, emotional identification has broadened, as digital platforms foster new forms of engagement, particularly among younger audiences. Third, behavioral practices have evolved, with increased participation through school programs, online dissemination, and cross-industry collaboration. The study proposes a conceptual model of symbolic continuity, emotional resonance, and behavioral innovation, offering a structured understanding of how traditional crafts adapt in modern contexts. The findings contribute to ICH revitalization research and provide practical guidance for culturally sensitive innovation and sustainable transmission.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSTRUCTION MODULE IN FASHION TECHNOLOGY TRAINING FOR THE WORLDSKILLS MALAYSIA COMPETITION

2025-12-08T16:28:28+08:00

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the construction module in fashion technology training provided for participants of the WorldSkills Malaysia Competition. This module is designed to enhance technical skills in the process of garment and fashion equipment production, as well as to enable participants to master the techniques in pattern making and garment design required in the competition. By focusing on the aspects of high-quality garment construction, this study will analyse how the training provided can help improve participants' performance in facing competitive challenges that require precision in measurements and stitching, creativity in pattern design and garment creation, as well as efficient time management. This study will also focus on several key aspects that can affect the effectiveness of training, including weaknesses in mastering sewing techniques that may be caused by a lack of practical training, insufficient guidance, or ineffective teaching methods. Additionally, this study will examine errors in measurements and pattern designs, such as imbalances between the front and back of garments, as well as confusion between inch and centimetre measurement systems that often affect design accuracy. This research methodology is using quantitative as the primary approach to collect data through 50 respondents’ online surveys and measurements, allowing for statistical analysis of the results in SPSS. By identifying these key areas of improvement, this study aims to provide practical recommendations for enhancing the training program and improving overall sewing skills. Finally, this study will examine the misunderstanding of the fabrics used, which can lead to the selection of inappropriate fabrics for certain types of stitching and affect the quality of the produced garments. All these factors will be analysed to determine the extent to which this construction module helps improve and overcome these weaknesses among the competition participants.

A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ON COMBINED EXPOSURE OF NOISE AND VIBRATION AND ITS EFFECT ON WORKER SAFETY

2025-12-21T11:15:51+08:00

Exposure to noise and vibration remains a critical occupational hazard that affects workers across machinery-intensive industries, yet existing findings are dispersed and lack consolidated evaluation. This systematic literature review was undertaken to address this gap by examining how combined or isolated exposure to these physical agents influences health outcomes, safety performance, and risk management practices. The review applied the PRISMA protocol and conducted advanced searches in Web of Science and Scopus using the keyword string “Noise” AND “Vibration” AND “effect” AND “Safety,” focusing on peer-reviewed articles published between 2023 and 2025. From an initial pool of 1,149 records, screening and eligibility procedures resulted in 18 primary studies that met all inclusion criteria. The extracted evidence was synthesised into three thematic categories: (1) occupational noise–vibration exposure, health effects, and safety performance; (2) technological approaches, sensor development, and safety-oriented innovation; and (3) modelling, simulation, and noise–vibration mitigation strategies. The results show that workers in industrial, transport, maritime, and small-scale manufacturing sectors commonly experience exposure levels exceeding recommended limits, leading to musculoskeletal strain, sensory fatigue, cognitive disruption, and reduced productivity. Emerging technologies such as advanced sensors, machine-learning-based monitoring tools, structural simulations, and engineered materials demonstrate increasing potential for real-time detection and harm reduction. Overall, the review highlights persistent exposure challenges, uneven control measures, and the need for integrated engineering and organisational strategies. The findings emphasise the importance of systematic evidence synthesis in supporting safer work practices, informing regulatory refinement, and guiding future innovations in noise and vibration management.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT THRESHOLDING TECHNIQUES IN SEGMENTING POROUS GALLIUM NITRIDE IN FIELD EMISSION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IMAGE

2025-12-31T13:23:00+08:00

The quantitative analysis of porous gallium nitride (GaN) nanostructures is critical for understanding the optoelectronic properties and engineering the bandgap of photodetector devices. Yet, this task remains a challenge due to the complexity of pore morphology and the limitations of conventional image processing approaches in segmenting the porous region. In this study, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of photoelectrochemically etched GaN samples were examined to assess the effectiveness of different thresholding methods on segmenting the porous region by estimating the porous parameter. The thresholding under study are Otsu thresholding, manual thresholding, and adaptive thresholding. These methods were evaluated across multiple magnifications and etching durations to estimate their porosity and average pore diameter. The results indicate that manual thresholding achieved porosity errors as low as 17.87% in shorter etching samples, while Otsu’s thresholding yielded errors as low as 24.32% in longer porous samples. For average pore diameter estimation, manual thresholding similarly performed best at short etching durations with a 32.13% error, whereas Otsu’s thresholding was optimal for longer etching durations with only 2.76% errors. Regardless, the selection of the optimal thresholding method across different magnifications proved challenging, as no consistent pattern was observed. However, among the reliable estimates across magnification, most were found in 25kx and 50kx magnification images. Whereby at these two magnifications, many estimate produce a lower percentage error estimate of less than 20% compared to higher magnification images. This study further highlights the limitations of pixel intensity-based segmentation methods and the need for more advanced approaches for accurate quantification of porous GaN nanostructures.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY OF DARK CHOCOLATE DRINK INCORPORATED WITH KACIP FATIMAH (Labisia Pumila) POWDER EXTRACT

2025-12-09T10:22:00+08:00

Dark chocolate drinks are cocoa-based beverages produced using a higher percentage of cocoa powder and lower milk powder content than milk chocolate drinks. Furthermore, dark chocolate drinks offer a more intense chocolate flavour, antioxidants, and a luxurious mouthfeel. Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila) powder extract is increasingly available to incorporate into cocoa-based drink powder for women’s health and wellness. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Kacip Fatimah powder extract (KFPE) as a functional ingredient in dark chocolate drink powder (DCDP) to enhance nutritional profile without compromising sensory qualities. Four DCDP formulations were prepared with varying concentrations of KFPE (0 mg, 60 mg, 120 mg, and 180 mg). Each formulation was analysed for antioxidant activity; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, physicochemical properties (water activity, total soluble solids, pH, viscosity, solubility and colour) and sensory acceptability. Adding KFPE significantly increased (p<0.05) the antioxidant activity from 70.19% to 79.50%. Addition of KFPE increased the water activity (from 0.29 to 0.32) and total soluble solids (from 12.23% to 13.87%), but decreased the pH (from 7.47 to 7.42) and viscosity (from 36.67 to 10.67 cps) of DCDP. Solubility of hot dark chocolate drink (HDCD) with KFPE remained consistent, although dissolution time increased at higher concentrations due to larger particle sizes. Meanwhile, lightness (L*) of dark chocolate drink with KFPE increased in powder (from 36.52 to 46.45) and dissolved in hot water (from 4.81 to 15.99). In contrast, adding KFPE significantly increased the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) of the HDCD. Sensory evaluation showed that HDCD with or without KFPE received similar scores (p>0.05) for all attributes (colour, bitterness, viscosity, cocoa flavour, and overall acceptability). Therefore, KFPE can be effectively incorporated into dark chocolate drinks to enhance their antioxidant activity and maintain physicochemical and sensory properties.

APPLICATION OF THE WAVE EQUATION IN ACOUSTIC AND VIBRATION ENGINEERING: A GLOBAL BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW

2025-12-21T17:26:15+08:00

The wave equation serves as a fundamental mathematical framework in acoustic and vibration engineering, supporting analyses of wave propagation, sound transmission, vibration control, and structural dynamics. Despite its importance, global research on this topic has not been systematically mapped through bibliometric analysis, leaving limited insight into its knowledge structure, emerging themes, and collaboration patterns. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric review of research on the application of the wave equation in acoustic and vibration engineering. Data were extracted from the Scopus database using the keywords “wave,” “acoustic,” and “equation,” resulting in 883 publications. The Scopus Analyzer was used to examine publication trends, leading countries, institutions, and journals, while OpenRefine ensured data accuracy. VOSviewer further visualized co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, and thematic clusters. Findings reveal a steady increase in publications over the past decade, largely driven by technologically advanced countries with strong international collaborations. Major research themes include computational modeling of wave propagation, acoustic material design, vibration mitigation, and digital simulation integration. Overall, this study provides a quantitative and visual overview of global research activity, offering valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to identify gaps, strengthen collaborations, and guide future research directions.

ASSESSING THE MALAYSIAN SITUATION AND REGULATION READINESS IN THE LIGHT OF THE CONTROVERSIAL GOVERNANCE OF LETHAL AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS (LAWS) INTERNATIONALLY

2025-11-24T10:54:20+08:00

The growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in Lethal Autonomous Weapons (LAWS) and its integration into modern militaries has the potential to revolutionise warfare tactics, enhance military capabilities, and transform future operations. Major powers, such as the United States, China, and Russia, are actively developing LAWS capable of operating independently without human intervention. However, their deployment raises profound ethical concerns regarding accountability, human oversight, and potential violations of international humanitarian law. Although United Nations (UN) Resolution L.56 and subsequently Resolution L.77 were introduced to regulate LAWS, there is no consensus among the international community on this matter. This study aims to shed light on the governance framework of LAWS internationally, provide relevant Malaysian experts’ perspectives about this technology and weaponisation, and evaluate the country’s readiness in terms of its legislation. To obtain views on the suitability of using LAWS, this qualitative study conducted interviews with representatives from Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM), the Malaysia Institute of Defence and Security (MIDAS), and a representative from the private sector. Primary data were analysed through a thematic and document analysis of relevant Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and UN documents. The study found that major powers are actively integrating LAWS, either semi-autonomously or fully autonomously, into military equipment on land, air, or sea. Currently, no binding international legal instrument exists to regulate LAWS. In Malaysia, statutes such as the Corrosive and Explosive Substances and Dangerous Weapons Act 1958, Arms Act 1960, and Civil Aviation Regulations 2016 require urgent revision to address this controversial technology and its weaponisation. This study underscores the urgency for Malaysian policymakers to implement proactive legal reforms to prevent the unregulated deployment of LAWS, particularly by private entities. In the long run, the implication is that Malaysia needs to draft a specific law to address LAWS, as this country must be ready to address the controversies of this technology and weaponisation, since the law always has to keep pace with technological development.

A COMPREHENSIVE STRUCTURED REVIEW OF ENGRAVING TECHNIQUES FOR CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED LASER PROCESSING

2025-12-21T10:27:04+08:00

Recent advancements in manufacturing have positioned engraving technologies as critical enablers for precision machining, functional device fabrication, and sustainable production across engineering sectors. However, fragmented research and diverse processing approaches have limited a comprehensive understanding of how conventional and laser-based engraving techniques compare in terms of performance, scalability, and material adaptability. This systematic literature review aims to consolidate current evidence on engraving technologies and assess the evolution of laser-driven innovations by examining studies published between 2021 and 2025. The review followed the PRISMA framework, utilizing Scopus and IEEE databases and applying the search keyword “Engraving Conventional and Advanced” to identify relevant literature. A total of 569 initial records were retrieved, screened based on English-language journal articles, and assessed for eligibility, resulting in 29 primary studies included for synthesis. The selected studies were mapped and thematically analyzed into three core domains: (1) Functional Material Engineering Through Laser Modification, (2) Laser Processing, Optimization & Material Interaction Performance, and (3) Hybrid Fabrication, Low-Cost Manufacturing & Design Technologies. Findings demonstrate that laser-induced modification enables superior functional performance in advanced devices including sensing components, biomedical structures, and photothermal systems. Furthermore, optimization of laser parameters significantly improves machining accuracy, surface characteristics, and structural reliability compared with conventional techniques. Meanwhile, hybrid engraving platforms strengthen sustainable digital manufacturing by supporting cost-efficient prototyping, subsurface structuring, and scalable design solutions. Overall, this review emphasizes the growing dominance of advanced laser engraving in supporting high-value engineering applications and highlights opportunities for future work in comparative processing performance, intelligent optimization models, and industrial-scale adoption of engraving innovations.

ELAEIS SOFT CELLS COMPATIBILITY WITH GYPSUM MATRIX FOR CIRCULAR INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS

2025-12-29T08:59:57+08:00

Palm fruit bunch soft components with nanofunctional properties, TRX-cells^®, demonstrate yet another unique role in enhancing the flexural durability of recycled gypsum. Incorporation of foreign cells of uniform size into the interior gypsum panel-making residues was found to boost flexural strength by 224% despite a drop in compressive strength. Understanding the quantum-mechanical interactions between the constituents of TRX-cells^® and gypsum in soft reinforcement provides insights into profitable use, enabling informed decisions in waste handling. The resource synergy symbolizing symbiosis is a promising approach to mitigate emission risks from unattended residue degradation. Cross-sectoral circularity will foster profitable waste management, harmonizing people and the planet in sustainable industrialization.