INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (IJIREV)

BUILDING SUSTAINABLE CAMPUSES: HOW GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SATISFACTION AND ACCESSIBILITY DRIVE LONG-TERM PHYSICAL ACTIVITY?

2025-11-23T09:22:59+08:00

This study investigates how satisfaction with and accessibility to campus green infrastructure influence students’ motivation and long-term participation in physical activity. As universities pursue sustainable development aligned with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), green infrastructure—comprising parks, trails, and eco-friendly recreational zoneshas emerged as a crucial driver of health and well-being. Guided by Self-Determination Theory and environmental psychology frameworks, this quantitative study employed a cross-sectional survey of 300 university students and analyzed the data using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results revealed that satisfaction with green infrastructure significantly predicts physical activity motivation (β = 0.42, p < 0.001), which in turn strongly influences long-term participation (β = 0.48, p < 0.001). Accessibility (β = 0.39, p < 0.001) and maintenance (β = 0.35, p < 0.001) were also key determinants of usage frequency, while demographic factors and perceived barriers mediated engagement levels. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed model validity with robust indices (CFI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.046). The findings highlight that well-maintained, accessible, and aesthetically appealing green spaces enhance motivation, satisfaction, and behavioral persistence toward active living. Universities are therefore encouraged to embed sustainable design, routine maintenance, and inclusive accessibility policies into campus planning to foster long-term student well-being and environmental engagement.

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IN CONCRETE ENGINEERING: A BIBLIOMETRIC AND SCIENTOMETRIC REVIEW

2025-11-20T11:54:13+08:00

This bibliometric review maps the evolution of microbial biotechnology in concrete engineering using Scopus records (final stage, English) retrieved on 30 September 2025. After OpenRefine cleaning and harmonisation, 1,732 publications were analysed with VOSviewer (association-strength normalisation; full counting) to construct networks of author keywords, countries, and sources. Publications have accelerated since 2015, with Engineering, Materials Science, and Environmental Science dominating the field. Keyword co-occurrence reveals four clusters centred on MICP mechanisms, durability/self-healing, characterisation methods, and sustainable construction. India, the United States, and China lead in output, while Belgium shows high citation impact. We highlight methodological transparency (query, access date, thresholds) and report gaps in long-term field validation and scale-up strategies. The study provides an evidence-based map of hotspots and collaborations to guide future research on durable, low-carbon concrete.

ASSESSING THE MALAYSIAN SITUATION AND REGULATION READINESS IN THE LIGHT OF THE CONTROVERSIAL GOVERNANCE OF LETHAL AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS (LAWS) INTERNATIONALLY

2025-11-24T10:54:20+08:00

The growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in Lethal Autonomous Weapons (LAWS) and its integration into modern militaries has the potential to revolutionise warfare tactics, enhance military capabilities, and transform future operations. Major powers, such as the United States, China, and Russia, are actively developing LAWS capable of operating independently without human intervention. However, their deployment raises profound ethical concerns regarding accountability, human oversight, and potential violations of international humanitarian law. Although United Nations (UN) Resolution L.56 and subsequently Resolution L.77 were introduced to regulate LAWS, there is no consensus among the international community on this matter. This study aims to shed light on the governance framework of LAWS internationally, provide relevant Malaysian experts’ perspectives about this technology and weaponisation, and evaluate the country’s readiness in terms of its legislation. To obtain views on the suitability of using LAWS, this qualitative study conducted interviews with representatives from Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM), the Malaysia Institute of Defence and Security (MIDAS), and a representative from the private sector. Primary data were analysed through a thematic and document analysis of relevant Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and UN documents. The study found that major powers are actively integrating LAWS, either semi-autonomously or fully autonomously, into military equipment on land, air, or sea. Currently, no binding international legal instrument exists to regulate LAWS. In Malaysia, statutes such as the Corrosive and Explosive Substances and Dangerous Weapons Act 1958, Arms Act 1960, and Civil Aviation Regulations 2016 require urgent revision to address this controversial technology and its weaponisation. This study underscores the urgency for Malaysian policymakers to implement proactive legal reforms to prevent the unregulated deployment of LAWS, particularly by private entities. In the long run, the implication is that Malaysia needs to draft a specific law to address LAWS, as this country must be ready to address the controversies of this technology and weaponisation, since the law always has to keep pace with technological development.

TRANSFORMING FRUITS PEELS WASTE MANGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana L.) INTO BIO-BATTERIES

2025-11-20T12:00:08+08:00

This study introduces a novel bio-battery system derived from mangosteen peel waste, an underexplored agricultural by-product, as a sustainable and eco-friendly energy source. Processed peels were utilized as the electrolyte in single-, dual-, and triple-beaker configurations, with voltage and current outputs systematically evaluated. Results revealed a positive correlation between peel mass and voltage generation, increasing from 0.987 V at 10 g to 0.996 V at 30 g. The bio-battery successfully powered small electronic devices such as LED bulbs, demonstrating its functional viability. By transforming fruit waste into a renewable energy material, this work provides new insights into waste-to-energy applications and highlights the untapped potential of mangosteen peel in advancing green technology innovation.