MODEL HARMONISASI PENGHAKIMAN INGKAR ANTARA MAHKAMAH SYARIAH DAN MAHKAMAH SIVIL: ANALISIS PENGUATKUASAAN PERINTAH

MODEL OF HARMONIZATION OF DEFAULT JUDGMENT BETWEEN SYARIAH COURTS AND CIVIL COURTS: ANALYSIS OF THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE ORDER

Abstract

Kelemahan penguatkuasaan penghakiman ingkar di Mahkamah Syariah menimbulkan isu dari segi pematuhan perintah mahkamah, tempoh penyelesaian kes dan keberkesanan pelaksanaan keputusan. Walaupun penghakiman ingkar merupakan mekanisme penting untuk memastikan kelancaran prosiding, pelaksanaannya masih berdepan cabaran dari sudut prosedur dan tindakan susulan selepas perintah dikeluarkan. Keadaan ini menunjukkan keperluan kepada satu pendekatan yang lebih tersusun bagi memperkukuh penguatkuasaan tanpa menjejaskan ciri dan prinsip Mahkamah Syariah. Sehubungan itu, artikel ini bertujuan menilai prosedur dan mekanisme penguatkuasaan penghakiman ingkar di Mahkamah Syariah Pulau Pinang, serta membuat perbandingan terpilih dengan Mahkamah Sivil Malaysia sebagai rujukan bagi cadangan penambahbaikan model pelaksanaan. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif deskriptif melalui analisis doktrinal terhadap Enakmen Tatacara Mal Mahkamah Syariah (Pulau Pinang), Kaedah-Kaedah Mahkamah 2012, laporan tahunan kehakiman dan kes-kes rayuan berkaitan penghakiman ingkar. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa cabaran utama bukan pada pengeluaran penghakiman ingkar, tetapi pada aspek penguatkuasaan dan pematuhan perintah selepas penghakiman dibuat. Analisis perbandingan menunjukkan bahawa struktur pelaksanaan yang lebih teratur dalam sistem Mahkamah Sivil boleh dijadikan rujukan dalam memperkukuh mekanisme penguatkuasaan di Mahkamah Syariah. Berdasarkan dapatan tersebut, artikel ini mencadangkan Model Harmonisasi Penghakiman Ingkar yang mengekalkan kerangka dan autonomi Mahkamah Syariah, namun mengadaptasi elemen pelaksanaan yang lebih sistematik bagi meningkatkan keberkesanan penguatkuasaan dan pematuhan perintah mahkamah.

The weaknesses in the enforcement of default judgments in the Syariah Courts have raised concerns regarding compliance with court orders, the timeliness of case resolution, and the overall effectiveness of judgment enforcement. Although default judgment serves as an important procedural mechanism to ensure the smooth progression of legal proceedings, its implementation continues to face challenges in terms of procedural requirements and post-judgment enforcement measures. This situation highlights the need for a more structured approach to strengthen enforcement while preserving the distinctive characteristics and principles of the Syariah Courts. Accordingly, this article aims to evaluate the procedures and enforcement mechanisms for default judgments in the Syariah Court of Penang and to undertake a selected comparative analysis with the Malaysian Civil Courts as a reference for proposing improvements to the existing enforcement model. This study adopts a descriptive qualitative methodology through doctrinal analysis of the Syariah Court Civil Procedure Enactment (Penang), the Rules of Court 2012, annual judicial reports, and appellate cases relating to default judgments. The findings indicate that the principal challenge lies not in the issuance of default judgments, but rather in the enforcement and compliance with court orders after the judgments have been delivered. The comparative analysis demonstrates that the more structured enforcement framework of the Civil Court system may serve as a useful reference for strengthening enforcement mechanisms within the Syariah Courts. Based on these findings, this article proposes a Default Judgment Harmonisation Model that preserves the institutional framework and autonomy of the Syariah Courts while adapting more systematic enforcement elements to enhance the effectiveness of judgment enforcement and compliance with court orders.