LEGITIMASI FIQH AL-WATAN BERDASARKAN TEORI POLITIK IMAM AL-JUWAYNI DALAM KESULTANAN MELAYU PAHANG
LEGITIMATION OF FIQH al-WATAN BASED ON IMAM al-JUWAYNI'S POLITICAL THEORY IN THE PAHANG MALAY SULTANATE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35631/IJLGC.1145024Keywords:
Fiqh Al-Waṭan, Ghiyath Al-Umam, Hukum Kanun Pahang, Imamah Sughra, Kesultanan Pahang (Pahang Sultanate)Abstract
Kajian ini bertujuan membina asas legitimasi ilmiah terhadap Fiqh al-Waṭan sebagai kerangka politik Islam tempatan melalui pendekatan triangulasi hermeneutik yang menggabungkan tiga komponen utama: (1) teori politik Imam al-Juwayni melalui Ghiyath al-Umam, (2) Hukum Kanun Pahang (HKP) sebagai teks undang-undang Melayu-Islam yang hidup, dan (3) sejarah Kesultanan Melayu Pahang selama lebih 556 tahun. Melalui gabungan analisis teks, fiqh dan sejarah, kajian ini mendapati bahawa konsep imamah sughra yang dikemukakan al-Juwayni sangat selari dengan realiti politik Melayu, khususnya Pahang, yang telah melaksanakan siyasah shar‘iyyah berteraskan tauhid, syura, keadilan dan maslahah. HKP terbukti sebagai living law yang memadukan fiqh Shafiʿi dan adat, manakala sejarah Pahang memperlihatkan kewujudan institusi ulama, qadi dan pentadbiran maritim yang tersusun. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa Kesultanan Pahang ialah kerajaan Islam wilayah yang sah menurut fiqh klasik, sekali gus memberikan asas epistemologi dan syariat bagi pengembangan Fiqh al-Waṭan sebagai model kenegaraan kontemporari.
This study aims to establish the intellectual legitimacy of Fiqh al-Waṭan as a local Islamic political framework through a hermeneutic triangulation method combining three key components: (1) Imam al-Juwayni’s political theory articulated in Ghiyath al-Umam, (2) the Hukum Kanun Pahang (HKP) as a living Malay-Islamic legal text, and (3) the 556-year history of the Pahang Sultanate. Through integrated textual, fiqh and historical analysis, the study finds that al-Juwayni’s concept of imamah sughra (local Islamic governance) aligns closely with the political reality of the Malay world, especially Pahang, which historically practised siyasah sharʿiyyah rooted in tawhid, shura, justice and maslahah. The HKP is demonstrated to be a living law embodying Shafi’i jurisprudence and local customs, while Pahang’s history reveals strong institutions of ulama, qaḍi and maritime administration. The study concludes that the Pahang Sultanate represents a legitimate Islamic territorial polity according to classical fiqh, providing epistemological and sharia foundations for Fiqh al-Waṭan as a contemporary governance model.
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