MODEL PENDEKATAN BAHARU PAMPASAN KHULU’: ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN 4 MAZHAB DAN AMALAN PERUNDANGAN DI NEGERI KEDAH DARUL AMAN

DEVELOPING A NEW APPROACH MODEL TO KHULUʿ COMPENSATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FOUR SUNNI SCHOOLS OF JURISPRUDENCE AND LEGAL PRACTICE IN KEDAH DARUL AMAN

Abstract

Kajian ini bertujuan menilai kaedah penentuan pampasan khulu’ di Negeri Kedah melalui analisis perbandingan prinsip fiqh empat mazhab Sunni serta amalan kehakiman Mahkamah Syariah, di samping mencadangkan suatu pendekatan baharu yang selaras dengan kerangka Maqasid Syariah. Kajian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif yang menggabungkan analisis doktrinal terhadap sumber fiqh klasik mazhab Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi‘i dan Hanbali, temu bual separa berstruktur dengan pakar undang-undang keluarga Islam dan hakim Syariah, serta analisis kes berkaitan pampasan khulu’ berdasarkan peruntukan Enakmen Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam (Kedah Darul Aman) 2008. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan wujud kepelbagaian prinsip dalam penentuan pampasan khulu’ antara empat mazhab, khususnya dari segi had pampasan, kedudukan mahr, tahap budi bicara hakim, serta pertimbangan unsur keadilan dan kemudaratan. Analisis amalan kehakiman pula mendapati bahawa penentuan pampasan di negeri Kedah banyak bergantung kepada diskresi hakim berdasarkan faktor kemampuan kewangan pihak, tempoh perkahwinan, serta tahap konflik rumah tangga, namun ketiadaan parameter standard menyebabkan variasi keputusan dan ketidakseragaman amalan. Temu bual pakar mengesahkan keperluan suatu kerangka penentuan pampasan yang lebih sistematik bagi mengharmonikan doktrin fiqh klasik dengan realiti pentadbiran mahkamah moden. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini mencadangkan model pendekatan baharu pampasan khulu’ yang mengintegrasikan prinsip fiqh perbandingan, objektif Maqasid Syariah, serta mekanisme diskresi kehakiman berparameter. Model ini berpotensi meningkatkan keseragaman keputusan, memperkukuh kepastian undang-undang, serta memastikan perlindungan hak dan keadilan substantif terhadap wanita dalam sistem perundangan keluarga Islam. Kajian turut mencadangkan pembangunan garis panduan standardisasi pampasan khulu’, pengukuhan dasar kehakiman, serta penambahbaikan kerangka fatwa sebagai asas reformasi pentadbiran undang-undang keluarga Islam. Kata Kunci: Pampasan khulu’, fiqh perbandingan, Mahkamah Syariah, standardisasi pampasan, Maqasid Syariah, reformasi undang-undang keluarga Islam.

This study aims to examine the determination of khuluʿ compensation in the State of Kedah through a comparative analysis of the jurisprudential principles of the four Sunni schools of law and the judicial practices of the Syariah Courts, while proposing a new approach that is aligned with the framework of Maqasid al-Shariah. The study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach incorporating doctrinal analysis of classical jurisprudential sources from the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafiʿi, and Hanbali schools, semi-structured interviews with Islamic family law experts and Syariah judges, and case analysis relating to khulʿ compensation based on the provisions of the Islamic Family Law (Kedah Darul Aman) Enactment 2008. The findings demonstrate considerable diversity among the four Sunni schools regarding the determination of khuluʿ compensation, particularly in relation to the permissible limits of compensation, the status of mahr, the extent of judicial discretion, and the consideration of justice and harm. An analysis of judicial practice further indicates that the determination of compensation in Kedah relies substantially on judicial discretion, taking into account factors such as the financial capacity of the parties, the duration of the marriage, and the level of marital conflict. However, the absence of standardised parameters has resulted in variations in judicial outcomes and inconsistencies in practice. The expert interviews further affirm the need for a more systematic framework for determining khuluʿ compensation that harmonises classical jurisprudential doctrines with the realities of modern judicial administration. Accordingly, this study proposes a new approach to khuluʿ compensation that integrates comparative jurisprudential principles, the objectives of Maqasid al-Shariah, and a structured mechanism of judicial discretion guided by defined parameters. The proposed model has the potential to promote greater consistency in judicial decisions, strengthen legal certainty, and safeguard the rights and substantive justice of women within the Islamic family law system. The study further recommends the development of standardised guidelines for khuluʿ compensation, the strengthening of judicial policy, and the enhancement of the fatwa framework as foundations for reforming the administration of Islamic family law.