INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW, GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNICATION (IJLGC)

THE APPLICATION OF MISREPRESENTATION UNDER SECTION 18 OF THE CONTRACTS ACT 1950 IN MALAYSIAN CASE LAW

Nurul Izzati Md Rashid — 2026-03-02

Section 18 of the Contracts Act 1950 identifies misrepresentation as a factor that may vitiate free consent and undermine the validity of a contract. However, the statutory provision is broadly worded and lacks clear categorisation, resulting in continued reliance on Common Law distinctions which classify misrepresentation into three namely fraudulent, negligent, and innocent misrepresentation. This classification is not expressly provided in the Act. The ambiguity surrounding the scope and interpretation of Section 18 of the CA1950 has led to inconsistent judicial reasoning and uncertainty in the remedies granted. Despite its significant impact on contractual disputes, there is limited scholarly analysis on how Malaysian courts have interpreted and applied this provision. This study adopts a qualitative legal research methodology, drawing on literature review and descriptive legal analysis. It examines judicial decisions and academic commentary relating to misrepresentation under Malaysian law. The analysis reveals that Malaysian courts employ divergent approaches in determining the presence and effect of misrepresentation. These inconsistencies highlight conceptual ambiguity and the judiciary’s dependence on Common Law principles in the absence of clear statutory guidance. The study concludes that the interpretation of misrepresentation under Section 18 of the CA1950 remains unclear, fragmented, and heavily dependent on judicial discretion. These issues highlight the need for statutory reform to clarify the categories and elements of misrepresentation, the development of judicial guidelines to promote consistent application, and doctrinal clarification to strengthen predictability and coherence in contractual adjudication.

DEVELOPING AND VALIDATING A SCALE FOR ASSESSING THE OPEN SPACE REDUCTION MANAGEMENT MODEL TO SUSTAIN COMMUNITY SOCIAL LIFE

Tamkeena Aftab — 2026-03-17

Rapid urbanization in Karachi has accelerated the reduction of urban open spaces, leading to declining environmental quality and weakening neighbourhood social cohesion. Although the significance of open space management is widely recognized, there are no systematically validated, empirically supported methods for measuring Open Space Reduction Management Models (OSRMM), particularly in new urban settings such as those in Karachi. To address a substantial gap in research methodology on urban planning and social sustainability, this study aims to develop and validate a multidimensional instrument to measure the management of open-space reduction and its efficacy in supporting neighbourhood social life. This study employed a quantitative research design with purposive sampling. The scale items were developed from a comprehensive review of relevant theories and expert opinions. Data was collected from N=281 residents and experts in urban settings. Exploratory factor analysis identified and validated key factors using IBM SPSS Version 26 software. The findings showed that the OSR scale was valid and reliable for measuring urbanization, community social life, and urban policy and planning. These factors collectively account for 75.8 percent of the variance in this study. This research provides a robust instrument for assessing the open space reduction management model and significantly adds to the open space reduction literature. This study presents empirically validated and theoretically and practically significant instruments for future research and evidence-based management practices in urban open spaces. In conclusion, this study provides key insights by developing and validating a scale to assess the Open Space Reduction Management Model and its role in sustaining community social life in rapidly urbanizing cities like Karachi.

FRAMING RETURNING ENTREPRENEURIAL YOUTH IN RURAL CHINA: NARRATIVE ANALYSIS OF SHORT VIDEO CREATORS

Xijing Zhang — 2026-03-09

This study investigates how returning entrepreneurial youth are framed within Douyin’s "Three Rural Issues" short video sphere. Drawing on a purposive sample of eight creators and a corpus of sixteen first-person narrative videos, we conduct narrative analysis grounded in framing theory. Coding proceeded along four dimensions: personal background, return motivations, self-positioning, and narrative focus, to examine how creators frame self-identity, articulate value orientations, and intervene in the "Three Rural Issues" discursive field. Findings show that short video creators have constructed a new youth image within rural revitalization through self-narratives: creators shift from rural documentarians to rural guardians, cultural trendsetters, and agents of revitalization. Educational and professional trajectories underpin entry into the field; diversified backgrounds provide unique material for creation, while media and marketing experience clarifies entrepreneurial direction. Return motivations combine policy and economic opportunities with intrinsic value commitments, producing narrative reorientation—from an early emphasis on economic returns to the increasing integration of cultural heritage and public-interest elements. Self-positioning evolves from individual entrepreneurs to participants in collective rural development, accompanied by a shift from traffic acquisition to the assumption of social responsibility. Narrative perspective expands from individualized lenses to multi-angled depictions that foreground rural vitality while acknowledging structural constraints and developmental challenges. The study extends framing theory to first-person digital storytelling and illuminates the communicative practices through which returning entrepreneurial youth negotiate subjectivity and agency within China’s rural revitalization discourse.

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION OF XI’AN’S CITY IMAGE THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

Xinyue Wang — 2026-03-30

This study explores the dissemination and reception of Xi’an’s city image in Malaysia under the empowerment of artificial intelligence (AI). With Xi’an’s rich cultural-historical identity, including its Silk Road heritage, UNESCO World Heritage sites, and Muslim-friendly food culture, the research examines how AI technologies reshape cross-cultural communication and audience engagement. Drawing on qualitative interviews with diverse Malaysian participants and NVivo-based three-stage coding analysis, three key themes emerged: Cultural-Historical Identity, Media Experience and Content Format, and Cultural Adaptation and Communication Barriers, converging in the core category of AI-enabled Cross-Cultural Dissemination of Xi’an’s City Image. Findings reveal that AI-driven media formats—such as short videos, virtual reality tours, and personalized content recommendations—were perceived to enhance dissemination efficiency and audience participation. These approaches broaden access to Xi’an’s cultural narratives and facilitated affective engagement and cultural affinity among participants, particularly through Muslim-friendly and localized content. However, participants expressed concerns over authenticity, algorithmic content homogenization, and insufficient cultural nuance, which may hinder long-term engagement and trust. AI serves as both an enabler and a challenge in cross-cultural city image communication. A human–AI collaborative approach is recommended, emphasizing cultural sensitivity, localization strategies, and diversified content formats. These findings advance research on AI-mediated city image communication by foregrounding audience reception in the Malaysian context and by highlighting the tension between algorithmic personalization and cultural authenticity.

DOCUMENTARY VIDEO PRODUCTION OF “ROADSIDE RENDEZVOUS: A JOURNEY INTO STREET FOOD CULTURE”

Harishavini K. Vathumayogam — 2026-03-17

This article highlights the production of a documentary video titled “Roadside Rendezvous: A Journey into Street Food Culture”, which explores the distinct street food culture of Malay, Chinese and Indian communities in Malaysia. Despite the numerous and affordable local street food options from various ethnicities in Malaysia, these culinary delights often lack effective marketing and a strong social media presence, making them less visible and known to the public. To address this issue, there is a pressing need to produce a documentary that raises awareness and showcases the uniqueness of Malaysian street food cuisines. The main objective of this documentary is to highlight the unique Malaysian street cuisine’s tastes, ingredients, and preparation techniques to highlight cultural relevance and distinctiveness. It highlights the culinary journey and promotes local businesses by sharing the intimate tales of vendors. The production encourages respect for cultural food traditions and raises public awareness about the importance of maintaining traditional street food. The documentary video production contains a 1-minute teaser, 1-minute behind-the-scenes footage, and a full-fledged 10-minute documentary video. The documentary introduces viewers around the world to the unique tastes, preparation methods, and traditions of this vibrant street food, and fosters cultural understanding and appreciation by promoting unity through food. It encourages viewers to follow their passions and embrace their cultural heritage by showcasing the perseverance, creativity, and entrepreneurial spirit of Malaysians.

PRIVATE AND REGISTRAR’S CAVEATS IN MALAYSIA: RATIONALE AND LEGAL RULES

Guan You Tan — 2026-03-31

The Malaysian caveat system plays a crucial role in protecting proprietary land claims, balancing unregistered proprietary claims with the integrity of the Torrens system. Private caveats safeguard enforceable legal or equitable rights, allowing individuals to safeguard their rights while preventing misuse through non-proprietary or unlawful claims. By contrast, Registrar’s caveats serve broader public purposes, including preventing fraud, protecting government interests such as unpaid taxes or debts, and correcting administrative errors under the Registrar’s statutory power. However, the distinction between private and Registrar's caveats and the scope of caveatable interests continue to generate legal uncertainty in practice. This paper examines the legal framework governing private and Registrar's caveats in Malaysia and analyses how courts interpret caveatable interests under the Torrens system. This study adopts a doctrinal legal analysis of the National Land Code 1965 and relevant judicial authorities. The study concludes that while the Malaysian caveat framework effectively balances the Torrens system with equitable protection, targeted legislative reform and clearer judicial guidance would enhance legal certainty, fairness, and administrative efficiency in land administration.

A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF MALAYSIA’S PRIVACY LAW: TOWARDS A MORE RESILIENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN THE DIGITAL ERA

Suharne Ismail — 2026-03-02

As digital technologies continue to transform industries and daily life, the protection of personal data has become a central issue in legal and policy discourse. In Malaysia, the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (PDPA) represents a landmark statute governing data privacy in commercial contexts. However, the rapid development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and cloud computing has raised concerns about the adequacy of the existing legal framework. This paper provides a legal analysis of Malaysia’s privacy law, examining the effectiveness of the PDPA in addressing emerging data protection challenges in the digital era. It evaluates the PDPA’s scope, enforcement mechanisms, and alignment with global standards while identifying significant gaps, particularly the exclusion of public sector data processing and limited data subject rights. Through critical examination, the study proposes key reforms aimed at strengthening Malaysia’s legal framework to ensure a more comprehensive and resilient approach to privacy protection in an increasingly digitalized environment.

EMERGING MILITARY TECHNOLOGIES IN THE U.S.–CHINA RIVALRY: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA’S DEFENSE LANDSCAPE

Herlin Anak Aman — 2026-03-05

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a central driver of military transformation in both the United States and China, reshaping patterns of strategic competition and security governance. While existing studies largely examine AI’s implications for great-power rivalry, limited attention has been given to how AI-driven military competition affects Southeast Asia’s strategic autonomy and regional stability. This study addresses this gap by analysing how the diffusion of autonomous systems, surveillance technologies, and cyber capabilities influences ASEAN’s threat perceptions and strategic responses. The research adopts a qualitative design based on thematic and discourse analysis of selected defence policy documents, official strategies, and authoritative policy reports from the United States, China, and regional institutions. Documents were systematically coded to identify patterns related to governance frameworks, operational priorities, escalation risks, and regional dependencies. The findings indicate that AI-enabled military modernisation intensifies strategic rivalry, accelerates operational tempo, and increases the risks of miscalculation in contested maritime and digital domains. Most ASEAN states face persistent constraints, including limited technological capacity, uneven interoperability, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and reliance on external suppliers, which collectively narrow policy flexibility and strategic autonomy. The study contributes by providing one of the first region-focused analyses linking U.S.–China AI military competition to ASEAN’s strategic agency. Policy implications highlight the need for ASEAN to strengthen technological resilience, develop regionally aligned governance norms, and institutionalise confidence-building mechanisms for AI-enabled systems. Rather than remaining a reactive arena of great-power competition, ASEAN has the potential to shape regional rules, manage escalation risks, and act as a proactive stabilising actor in the evolving AI security landscape.

UNAUTHORISED POLYGAMY OFFENCES: A STUDY IN THE SYARIAH COURTS OF SELANGOR

Nurin Hidayati Nordin — 2026-03-30

Polygamy refers to a marital arrangement that allows a man to have more than one wife at any given time. Within the legal framework of Malaysia, Muslim men are permitted to practise polygamy in accordance with Islamic law. Nevertheless, the law requires that prior authorisation be obtained from the Syariah Court before entering into a polygamous marriage. Failure to comply with this requirement may result in prosecution for the offence of unauthorised polygamy. Statistics indicate that such offences are increasingly prevalent in the State of Selangor. This study aims to elucidate the concept of polygamy from an Islamic perspective and to analyse the legal framework governing polygamy in Selangor. The study also examines the factors contributing to the occurrence of unauthorised polygamy and the resulting implications, and subsequently proposes recommendations for addressing these issues. Methodologically, this research adopts a qualitative approach through document analysis involving books, journals, statutory provisions, and court records. In addition, semi-structured interviews with several syariah legal practitioners were conducted to obtain supplementary empirical insights. The findings reveal that the primary factors contributing to unauthorised polygamy include stringent legal procedures and the inability to obtain consent from the first wife. The study also finds that unauthorised polygamy may give rise to negative implications, such as the risk of unregistered or invalid marriages, infringement of wives’ rights, and complications relating to the verification of lineage and the registration of children's births. Accordingly, the study recommends that penalties for unauthorised polygamy be strengthened up to the maximum statutory limit, alongside increased public awareness through education and advocacy programmes to curb the rising number of such cases in Selangor.

SPORT CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON BADMINTON DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY OF INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA

Thalitha Judith Almira — 2026-03-16

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is widely recognized as an important element for corporate sustainability and is utilized as a public relations instrument to shape corporate image, in addition to fulfilling corporate responsibilities toward society, both in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study aims to analyse and compare the governance structures, coordination mechanisms, and evaluation frameworks of CSR in Indonesia and Malaysia. The objects of this study are the Daihatsu ASTEC badminton development program in Indonesia and the Maybank Junior Badminton Development Programme in Malaysia. The findings indicate that CSR in Indonesia is mandatory, serving to strengthen regulatory control and institutional alignment with national badminton development objectives. In contrast, CSR in Malaysia is voluntary, providing greater autonomy to sponsors while ensuring long-term program sustainability through partnerships between corporations and sports federations. Accordingly, this study emphasizes the importance of clear regulatory standards, transparency mechanisms, and structured collaboration between federations and corporations to ensure the sustainable development of badminton talent. In conclusion, differences in CSR practices between the two countries reflect variations in governance models and stakeholder coordination, rather than the normative superiority of one system over the other.

HUMAN-ORIENTED DIGITAL COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY IN DRIVING SUSTAINABLE GLOBAL ECONOMIC RECOVERY

Sri Narti — 2026-03-31

The acceleration of digital transformation has fundamentally changed entrepreneurial communication practices, especially in micro and small enterprises (MSMEs) that increasingly rely on social media-based interactions to maintain business sustainability. One of the platforms that has experienced significant growth in the context of digital entrepreneurship is TikTok, which allows (MSMEs) to build audiovisual interactions that are fast, personal, and viral. However, the economic recovery discourse still tends to focus on technology and platform aspects, while the psychological dimension in human-oriented digital communication has not been comprehensively studied. This study aims to analyze the role of the psychological elements of digital communication which include trust, empathy, message clarity, and digital interpersonal relationships in strengthening the resilience of (MSMEs) businesses and supporting sustainable economic recovery through the use of TikTok. This research uses a qualitative approach with an exploratory design. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews conducted online with eight (MSMEs) actors in the food and beverage sector in Kelantan, Malaysia, who actively use TikTok as a medium of business communication. The use of online interviews was chosen because it is in line with the characteristics of the phenomenon being studied, namely digital communication that is not bound by geographical limitations. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis techniques to identify patterns of shared experiences, perceptions, and meanings in informants' digital communication practices.

REFRAMING ORGANIZATIONAL REPUTATION IN THE DIGITAL COMMUNICATION ERA WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) TOOLS AND STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

Nurul Safaniza Che Ani — 2026-03-02

The landscape of digital communication technologies and innovations has evolved, presenting opportunities and challenges for organizations seeking to build and maintain trust with their stakeholders. Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools might change the management of organizational communication and help sustain trust with stakeholders. In particular, this study aims to develop a conceptual framework for organizational reputation and to examine the relationships among AI tools, stakeholder engagement and organizational reputation in the evolving field of digital communication in Malaysian higher education institutions. Concurrently, this conceptual paper proposes a framework that derives a model or theory from an exhaustive interdisciplinary review of the literature. This study explores organizational reputation through a framework that integrates Stakeholder Theory, Relationship Management Theory, and the Modality, Agency, Interactivity, Navigability (MAIN) Model. At the same time, this study's findings explain how AI tools are reshaping organizations to build, sustain, and measure stakeholder relationships by introducing new modes of personalization, responsiveness, and interaction. Overall, the findings contribute to university management and communication practitioners in developing a structured process or guideline to strengthen the positive impact on organizational reputation. In addition, this study offers valuable knowledge and perspective on a trending topic in the discipline, as well as fresh theoretical insights for communication studies. This paper also provides an outline of avenues for future research on how AI-mediated engagement can strengthen or challenge an organizational reputation in the digital communication era.

TINGKAH LAKU POLITIK PENGUNDI KAUM INDIA DALAM PRU-14 DAN PRN-15 DI NEGERI SEMBILAN: SATU ANALISIS GEOGRAFI POLITIK DAN PARTISIPASI POLITIK

Mokhtar Ahmad — 2026-03-05

Artikel ini menganalisis pola partisipasi politik kaum India di Negeri Sembilan dengan meneliti kerusi Dewan Undangan Negeri (DUN) yang ditandingi calon kaum India dalam PRU-14 (Jeram Padang, Nilai, Lobak, Labu, Rahang, Mambau, Seremban Jaya, Rantau, Sri Tanjung dan Repah) serta PRN-15 (Jeram Padang, Bahau, Nilai, Bukit Kepayang, Mambau, Seremban Jaya, Lukut, Sri Tanjung dan Repah). Artikel ini meneliti demografi pengundi India, menjelaskan pola sokongan dan peralihan undi, serta menghuraikan secara lebih mendalam bagaimana perubahan geografi, peralihan kelas sosial, tumpuan penduduk, persaingan parti dan faktor geografi politik di peringkat tempatan saling berinteraksi membentuk tingkah laku politik masyarakat India di setiap DUN. Data kajian diambil daripada daftar pemilih, keputusan pilihan raya dan taburan demografi etnik. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa PRU-14 memperlihatkan peralihan ketara sokongan tradisional daripada Barisan Nasional kepada Pakatan Harapan yang dipacu oleh gelombang nasional, tekanan sosioekonomi dalam kalangan B40 India dan kesan kebangkitan Hindraf. Namun, PRN-15 memperlihatkan pola yang lebih rencam dengan kemunculan Perikatan Nasional sebagai pesaing signifikan, penurunan kadar keluar mengundi dalam kalangan pengundi India, serta perubahan komposisi demografi di beberapa DUN seperti Nilai, Seremban Jaya, Labu dan Jeram Padang yang mempengaruhi orientasi politik setempat. Secara keseluruhan, analisis menunjukkan bahawa partisipasi politik pengundi India dibentuk oleh gabungan faktor nasional, lokaliti dan geobudaya termasuk profil calon, identiti politik, persaingan parti serta dinamika ekonomi mikro setempat. Kajian ini memberi implikasi penting bagi pemahaman strategi parti politik dalam merangka pendekatan penglibatan pengundi berasaskan etnik, serta menekankan kepentingan faktor lokal dan struktur geobudaya dalam meramal dan mempengaruhi pola sokongan politik komuniti India di Negeri Sembilan.

This article analyzes the political participation patterns of the Indian community in Negeri Sembilan by examining state assembly constituencies (DUN) contested by Indian candidates in the 14th General Election (Jeram Padang, Nilai, Lobak, Labu, Rahang, Mambau, Seremban Jaya, Rantau, Sri Tanjung, and Repah) and the 15th State Election (Jeram Padang, Bahau, Nilai, Bukit Kepayang, Mambau, Seremban Jaya, Lukut, Sri Tanjung, and Repah). The article investigates the demographics of Indian voters, explains voting patterns and shifts, and provides an in-depth analysis of how changes in geography, social mobility, population concentration, party competition, and local geocultural factors interact to shape political behavior within each constituency. Data were drawn from voter registers, election results, and ethnic demographic distributions. Findings indicate that the 14th General Election witnessed a significant shift from traditional support from Barisan Nasional to Pakatan Harapan, driven by national waves, socio-economic pressures among the B40 Indian group, and the mobilization effects of Hindraf. In contrast, the 15th State Election revealed more fragmented patterns, with Perikatan Nasional emerging as a significant competitor, a notable decline in voter turnout among Indian voters, and changes in demographic composition in constituencies such as Nilai, Seremban Jaya, Labu, and Jeram Padang influencing local political orientations. Overall, the analysis shows that Indian political participation is shaped by a combination of national, local and geocultural factors, including candidate profiles, political identity, party competition, and micro-level economic dynamics, underscoring that support patterns are heterogeneous and vary according to the geopolitical context of each DUN.

EVOLUSI CORAK PENGUNDIAN ETNIK CINA DI NEGERI SEMBILAN DARI PRU 1999 HINGGA 2023

Mokhtar Ahmad — 2026-03-26

Artikel ini meneliti perkembangan pola pengundian etnik Cina di Negeri Sembilan dari PRU-10 hingga PRU-15, dengan memberi perhatian kepada perubahan orientasi politik etnik Cina dalam hubungan dengan persaingan parti dan dinamik struktur politik di Negeri Sembilan. Walaupun fenomena perubahan sokongan pengundi Cina telah banyak dibincangkan pada peringkat nasional kajian yang meneliti pola pengundian secara longitudinal di peringkat Negeri khususnya Negeri Sembilah masih terhad. Kajian memfokuskan peralihan sokongan daripada parti tradisional seperti MCA dan Gerakan kepada DAP pasca fenomena “tsunami Cina” PRU-12. Perubahan ini dikaitkan dengan beberapa faktor termasuk kedudukan sosioekonomi pengundi Cina, tuntutan terhadap akses pendidikan yang adil, dan kepentingan pemeliharaan hak kebudayaan yang dianggap semakin mendesak dalam iklim politik pasca-2008. Kajian turut menilai implikasi perubahan ini terhadap senario politik Negeri Sembilan, khususnya dari aspek keupayaan parti-parti politik menyesuaikan pendekatan dan mesej kepada segmen pengundi yang semakin kritikal. Metod kajian berasaskan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen sekunder, meliputi data rasmi keputusan pilihan raya yang dikeluarkan oleh Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya (SPR), laporan media arus perdana dan portal berita, serta penyelidikan akademik berkaitan politik etnik di Malaysia. Analisis kajian ini dipandu oleh kerangka teori realignment politik dan pendekatan tingkah laku pengundi etnik dalam system politik pelbagai kaum. Pendekatan longitudinal merentasi enam pilihan raya umum membolehkan pengenalpastian pola kestabilan dan perubahan sokongan secara lebih sistematik berbanding analisis silang masa yang terhad. Dapatan menunjukkan peningkatan berterusan dominasi DAP sejak PRU-12, yang membawa kepada kemerosotan ketara pengaruh MCA dan Gerakan, seterusnya menghasilkan dinamika baharu dalam kerangka politik Barisan Nasional di Negeri Sembilan. Implikasi kajian ini bukan sahaja signifikan terhadap strategi parti politik, malah menyumbang kepada perbahasan lebih luas mengenai transformasi system kepartian dan masa depan politik konsosiasional di Malaysia.

This article examines the development of ethnic Chinese voting patterns in Negeri Sembilan from GE-10 to GE-15, paying attention to the change in ethnic Chinese political orientation in relation to party competition and political structure dynamics in Negeri Sembilan. Although the phenomenon of change in Chinese voter support has been widely discussed at the national level, studies that examine longitudinal voting patterns at the state level, especially Negeri Sembilah, are still limited. The study focuses on the shift in support from traditional parties such as MCA and Gerakan to DAP after the "Chinese tsunami" phenomenon of GE-12. This change is linked to several factors including the socioeconomic position of the Chinese electorate, demands for fair access to education, and the importance of preserving cultural rights which is considered increasingly urgent in the post-2008 political climate. The study also assessed the implications of this change on Negeri Sembilan's political scenario, particularly from the aspect of the ability of political parties to adapt their approaches and messages to increasingly critical voter segments. The research method is based on a qualitative approach through the analysis of secondary documents, covering official election results data issued by the Election Commission (SPR), mainstream media reports and news portals, as well as academic research related to ethnic politics in Malaysia. The analysis of this study is guided by the theoretical framework of political realignment and the approach of ethnic voter behavior in a multi-racial political system. A longitudinal approach across six general elections allows for a more systematic identification of patterns of stability and change in support than a limited cross-sectional analysis over time. Findings show a continuous increase in DAP's dominance since GE-12, which led to a significant decline in the influence of MCA and Gerakan, further producing a new dynamic in the political framework of Barisan Nasional in Negeri Sembilan. The implications of this study are not only significant for political party strategy but also contribute to a wider debate on the transformation of the party system and the future of consociational politics in Malaysia.

KESUNYIAN DALAM PERADABAN MODEN

Faezah Kassim — 2026-03-15

Kesunyian atau loneliness bukan sekadar pengalaman psikologi individu, tetapi semakin jelas merupakan fenomena peradaban. Dalam konteks modeniti, manusia hidup dalam dunia yang semakin terhubung melalui teknologi digital, urbanisasi dan globalisasi. Namun pada masa yang sama manusia mengalami kehidupan terasing atau kesunyian yang semakin mendalam. Artikel ini membincangkan kesunyian yang dihadapi oleh individu sebagai paradoks peradaban moden iaitu suatu keadaan ketika era kemajuan material dan teknologi perhubungan berlaku tetapi tidak menjamin kewujudan interaksi dan hubungan sosial yang bermakna pada sesetengah individu. Sehubungan itu, perbincangan dilakukan bagi mengenalpasti apakah faktor-faktor fundamental yang menyebabkan keadaan ini berlaku dan bagaimana untuk mengatasinya. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan falsafah sosiologi dengan meneliti pandangan klasik Émile Durkheim mengenai anomie dan analisis Zygmunt Bauman tentang liquid modernity terhadap masyarakat moden. Analisis ini menunjukkan bahawa kesunyian adalah cerminan krisis individualisme dan perubahan struktur sosial, teknologi digital dan media sosial serta ekonomi dan globalisasi. Memahami kesunyian sebagai fenomena peradaban dapat membuka ruang untuk membina semula asas solidariti sosial, nilai spiritual dan identiti kolektif. Ia juga memberikan sumbangan baharu kepada wacana peradaban dengan mengangkat kesunyian merupakan masalah individu yang menjadi tanda rapuhnya asas kemanusiaan dalam peradaban moden.

Loneliness is not merely an individual psychological experience, but increasingly a civilizational phenomenon. In the context of modernity, human beings live in a world that is ever more connected through digital technology, urbanization, and globalization. Yet, at the same time, people experience an increasingly profound sense of isolation and loneliness. This article discusses the loneliness experienced by individuals as a paradox of modern civilization, a condition in which material progress and advanced communication technologies exist, yet do not guarantee the presence of meaningful social interaction and relationships for certain individuals. Accordingly, the discussion seeks to identify the fundamental factors that lead to this condition and explore possible ways to overcome it. The analysis employs a sociophilosophical approach by examining Émile Durkheim’s classical concept of anomie and Zygmunt Bauman’s analysis of liquid modernity in relation to modern society. The findings reveal that loneliness reflects the crises of individualism and structural change, as well as the influence of digital technology, social media, economy, and globalization. Understanding loneliness as a civilizational phenomenon opens the way to rebuilding the foundations of social solidarity, spiritual values, and collective identity. It also contributes new insights to civilizational discourse by highlighting loneliness as an individual problem that signifies the fragility of humanity’s moral foundations in modern civilization.

RESEARCH TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE SOCIAL MEDIA COMMUNICATION BASED ON KNOWLEDGE GRAPHS

Xiaojing Wang — 2026-03-30

With the development of digital technologies and the widespread adoption of social media platforms, the modes of cultural heritage dissemination have continuously evolved. In recent years, studies on digital communication of cultural heritage and its application on social media have increased. Many existing studies focus on case analyses or single disciplinary perspectives, while systematic bibliometric synthesis remains limited. In addition, relevant research is distributed across several disciplines, including communication studies, heritage studies, and information science. This distribution has produced a fragmented body of literature and has limited a comprehensive understanding of research trends and thematic evolution in this field. In response, this study applies a bibliometric approach to conduct a systematic analysis of research on cultural heritage dissemination through social media. The data were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection, including 436 publications published between 2020 and 2025. Using CiteSpace and VOSviewer, citation analysis, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and academic network visualization were employed to examine the disciplinary distribution, thematic clusters, and research frontiers of the field. The results indicate that current research mainly focuses on two aspects: the mechanisms of digital dissemination of cultural heritage, such as platform communication strategies, algorithmic visibility, and narrative expression; and user participation in social media environments, including user interaction, co-creation, and digital heritage communities. The findings contribute to clarifying the knowledge structure and development trends of this field and provide directions for future research.

THE STATUS OF AIRSPACE FOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVS) AND THE ISSUE OF AIRSPACE TRESPASS: THE TAWHIDIC EPISTEMOLOGY APPROACH

Norhusna Emirah Onn — 2026-03-05

This paper evaluates the legal status of airspace and the concept of ownership in relation to the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and the issue of trespass through the lens of Tawhidic epistemology. The current Malaysian legal framework and international level reveal a significant loophole, as the UAV operational airspace has yet to be formally declared, creating uncertainty over ownership, control, and liability. Tawhidic views the integration of ownership as trust (amanah) and serves for the public interest (maslahah). Drawing from the Islamic jurisprudence on the doctrine of ownership, this research argues that airspace governance must reflect both divine unity and human accountability. The dynamic principle of revival of dead land (ihya al-mawat) enriches this analysis by emphasising the concept of UAV airspace as mawat land that can be cultivated within the concept of ownership of airspace. Within this framework, customary practice ('urf) plays a vital role in shaping the contextual application of the rule, which is consistent with the higher objective of shariah (maqasid al-shariah). The hybrid approach of this research consequently solves the issue of airspace ownership for UAVs by combining doctrinal legal analysis with epistemological reasoning.

NAVIGATING CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS BOUNDARIES: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IDENTITY IN NOVEL RUSNEE BY MONTRI SRIYONG AS A REFLECTION OF THAILAND'S MALAY-MUSLIM COMMUNITY

Sahidin Nitiphak — 2026-03-17

Thailand's Deep South has experienced protracted violent conflict rooted in tensions between state-imposed Thai-Buddhist identity and Malay-Muslim cultural heritage. Despite extensive research on political and security dimensions, intercultural communication and identity negotiation through literary analysis remain underexplored. Correspondingly, this study examines how cultural symbols function as identity markers and analyzes intercultural communication patterns in Montri Sriyong's novel Rusnee, which portrays Thailand's marginalized Malay-Muslim community. Employing qualitative critical literary analysis, this research integrates cultural identity theory, critical discourse analysis, and narrative theory. Systematic close reading identifies cultural symbols and examines silence as communication, trust erosion, and the transmission of intergenerational trauma. Furthermore, cultural and religious symbols function as powerful markers, creating us-versus-them boundaries, with hijab-wearing triggering state surveillance and discrimination. Meanwhile, communication patterns reveal silence as strategic resistance, community leadership collapses due to a trust deficit, and trauma transmission across generations. In addition, characters navigate contradictory identities through constant boundary management between religious obligations, cultural traditions, and state expectations. Overall, this research contributes Southeast Asian perspectives to intercultural communication scholarship, demonstrating the literature's dual role as a societal mirror and a cross-cultural bridge. Additionally, findings offer implications for educational curriculum development and policy formulation in ethnically diverse regions experiencing protracted conflicts.

PENCEGAHAN KEMATIAN MENGEJUT DALAM KALANGAN BAYI MELALUI PENYUSUAN EKSKLUSIF: TINJAUAN SAINTIFIK DAN PERSPEKTIF ISLAM

Zaifuddin Md Rasip — 2026-03-09

Kematian Mengejut Bayi atau Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) merupakan antara penyebab utama kematian dalam kalangan bayi berusia bawah satu tahun dan lazimnya berlaku secara tiba-tiba semasa tidur tanpa tanda awal. Kajian ini merupakan sorotan literatur naratif dan konseptual yang bertujuan meneliti peranan penyusuan susu ibu secara eksklusif sebagai strategi pencegahan berkesan terhadap SIDS, berdasarkan analisis literatur saintifik berwasit serta sorotan terhadap perspektif Islam. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kandungan bioaktif dalam susu ibu seperti Immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin, lysozyme dan kolostrum bertindak sebagai pelindung awal terhadap jangkitan respiratori dan gastrousus, iaitu dua faktor utama yang dikaitkan dengan gangguan fisiologi berkaitan SIDS. Selain itu, penyusuan eksklusif terbukti menyokong kestabilan sistem respiratori, neurologi dan mikrobiota usus (gut microbiota), yang memainkan peranan penting dalam mengekalkan keseimbangan fisiologi bayi semasa tidur. Secara mekanistik, perlindungan ini berlaku melalui pengurangan risiko jangkitan, pengawalan tindak balas keradangan, serta sokongan kepada kestabilan sistem pernafasan dan kawalan autonomi, yang secara kolektif menurunkan risiko gangguan fisiologi berkaitan SIDS. Dari perspektif Islam, penyusuan dianggap sebagai manifestasi kasih sayang, ibadah dan pelaksanaan prinsip ḥifẓ al-nafs yang menekankan pemeliharaan nyawa. Ajaran Islam yang menganjurkan tempoh penyusuan selama dua tahun dalam Surah al-Baqarah ayat 233 selari dengan saranan saintifik dan panduan kesihatan global. Dalam konteks ini, perspektif Islam melengkapi bukti saintifik melalui kerangka etika dan spiritual yang mengukuhkan motivasi serta penerimaan masyarakat terhadap amalan penyusuan eksklusif. Oleh itu, penyusuan eksklusif bukan sekadar memenuhi keperluan pemakanan, malah berfungsi sebagai mekanisme imunisasi pasif dan pendekatan kesihatan awam yang menyeluruh dalam mencegah kematian bayi secara tiba-tiba.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is among the leading causes of mortality in infants under one year of age and typically occurs unexpectedly during sleep without prior warning signs. This study is a narrative and conceptual literature review that aims to examine the role of exclusive breastfeeding as an effective preventive strategy against SIDS, based on an analysis of peer-reviewed scientific literature and a review of Islamic perspectives. The findings indicate that the bioactive components of breast milk, such as Immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin, lysozyme, and colostrum, function as early protective agents against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, which are two major contributors to the physiological disturbances associated with SIDS. In addition, exclusive breastfeeding has been shown to support the stability of the respiratory and neurological systems, as well as the gut microbiota, all of which play a crucial role in maintaining infant physiological homeostasis during sleep. Mechanistically, this protection operates through a reduction in infection risk, modulation of inflammatory responses, and support for respiratory stability and autonomic control during sleep, which collectively reduce the likelihood of physiological disruptions linked to SIDS. From the Islamic perspective, breastfeeding is regarded as an expression of compassion, an act of worship, and an embodiment of the principle of ḥifẓ al-nafs (preservation of life). Islamic teachings that recommend a two-year breastfeeding period, as stated in Surah al-Baqarah (2:233), are consistent with contemporary scientific recommendations and global health guidelines. In this context, the Islamic perspective complements rather than replaces scientific evidence by providing an ethical and spiritual framework that strengthens motivation and societal acceptance of exclusive breastfeeding practices. Therefore, exclusive breastfeeding not only fulfils infants’ nutritional needs but also serves as a form of passive immunisation and a comprehensive public health intervention in preventing sudden infant death.

A CONCEPTUAL PAPER ON DR. ZAKIR NAIK'S CONTEMPORARY DA’WAH: THE POWER OF YOUTUBE IN MODERN ISLAMIC PROPAGATION

Usbah Yousaf — 2026-03-30

In the digital era, Islamic propagation has surpassed traditional boundaries through platforms like YouTube. This concept paper analyses the substantial influence of YouTube on Dr. Zakir Naik's contemporary da’wah initiatives. This concept paper utilises a qualitative methodology, performing a comprehensive analysis of secondary sources to explore the primary question: to what extent does YouTube play a significant role in Dr. Zakir Naik's contemporary da'wah? The research relies on reference resources compiled by other researchers, including academic books, peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, and assessments of digital media. This analysis of secondary data spans the period from 2018 to 2025. Dr. Zakir Naik's digital da'wah via YouTube illustrates various aspects of impact, content strategy, and outreach that collectively characterise a contemporary approach to Islamic propagation. The findings highlight several key themes: (1) Global Accessibility and Audience Reach; (2) Visual and Rhetorical Engagement; (3) Conversion Stories and Transformative Impact; (4) Interfaith Dialogue and Peaceful Coexistence; (5) Youth Engagement and Digital Literacy; (6) Algorithmic Amplification and SEO Optimization; (7) Integration with Other Digital Platforms; and (8) Limitations and Criticism. The results further indicate that YouTube plays a vital and intricate role in Dr. Zakir Naik's contemporary da’wah. YouTube functions as an effective, captivating, and extensive medium for the distribution of Islamic teachings. Dr. Naik's narrative illustrates the ability of religious messages to surpass borders through structured, persuasive, and multimedia-enhanced content.

E-WASTE AND CLIMATE CHANGE: ADDRESSING LEGAL GAPS IN MALAYSIA’S ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK

Nur Irinah Mohamad Sirat — 2026-03-17

Electronic waste (e-waste) is a rapidly growing waste stream that presents significant challenges to environmental sustainability and climate governance. It contributes to climate change through both direct and indirect pathways. Direct climate impacts result from potent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from open burning, unregulated landfilling, and informal dismantling, while indirect impacts arise from virgin metal extraction driven by low recycling rates and constant device turnover. Despite these climate linkages, regulatory responses in many jurisdictions, including Malaysia, continue to treat e-waste primarily as a hazardous-waste management issue rather than a climate governance concern. Against this backdrop, this article adopts a doctrinal legal methodology to critically examine Malaysia’s environmental and climate governance framework relating to e-waste. It analyses national legislation, policy instruments, and relevant international obligations, including circular economy and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) initiatives. The analysis identifies structural legal gaps, including fragmented institutional coordination, inadequate regulation of household e-waste, weak oversight of informal processing activities, and the absence of binding EPR mechanisms. It further demonstrates that existing enforcement practices remain predominantly reactive rather than preventive and climate aligned. The article advances the original argument that Malaysia’s e-waste regime must be reconceptualised as part of climate governance rather than treated solely within a hazardous-waste paradigm. The article proposes targeted statutory and institutional reforms, including the codification of EPR obligations, strengthened inter-agency coordination, and the integration of climate considerations into scheduled waste regulation to align waste governance with Malaysia's Nationally Determined Contributions. By reframing e-waste through a climate governance lens, this study contributes a coherent doctrinal pathway towards a more integrated and climate-responsive regulatory framework in Malaysia.

RESEARCH TRENDS ON FAMILY COMMUNICATION: A SCOPUS-BASED BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Zulkefli Aini — 2026-03-31

Family communication has long been recognised as a fundamental element in shaping relational dynamics, psychological well-being, and social development across generations. However, a comprehensive mapping of its scholarly evolution remains limited. Nevertheless, despite increasing academic interest, the breadth of research trends, influential works, conceptual focuses, and international collaborations within this field has not been systematically assessed through bibliometric techniques. To address this gap, this study conducts a bibliometric analysis of global research on family communication to identify publication trajectories, key contributing countries, dominant research themes, and collaborative networks. Data were retrieved from the Scopus database using an advanced search strategy and filtered to include only relevant peer-reviewed documents, resulting in a final dataset of 597 publications spanning multiple disciplines. The dataset was first analysed using Scopus Analyser to generate descriptive statistics and graphical outputs on annual publication trends, citation patterns, and geographical distribution. OpenRefine was employed to clean and harmonise metadata, particularly author and keyword variations, ensuring consistency for further processing. Subsequently, VOSviewer software was used to visualise keyword co-occurrence patterns and co-authorship networks through clustering and mapping techniques. The results reveal a steady growth of scholarly output over time, with notable peaks reflecting heightened interest in family communication during periods of social and technological change. The United States (US) emerged as the most productive and influential contributor; while recurring keywords such as family communication, conversation orientation, conformity orientation, parent-child relationships, and resilience imply both theoretical foundations and contemporary thematic expansions. Co-authorship visualisations further indicate uneven international collaboration, suggesting potential for greater cross-cultural engagement. Overall, this study provides a holistic overview of the intellectual and collaborative structure of family communication research, offering insights for future studies and strengthening the understanding of how communication shapes and sustains family life.

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON THE INFLUENCE OF ROLE-PLAY ASSESSMENTS ON CONFLICT COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE

Nuraina Nadiah Rosli — 2026-03-02

Effective conflict communication is a critical competency for university graduates, yet many assessment approaches in higher education remain rooted in traditional formats that do little to prepare students for the complexities of real-world interactions. Without opportunities for authentic practice, students risk entering the workforce without the skills or confidence to navigate conflict constructively. This conceptual paper introduces a framework positioning role-play assessments as a powerful pedagogical tool to enhance conflict communication competence. Drawing on Experiential Learning Theory and Communication Competence Theory, the framework outlines how structured, feedback-driven role-play can create safe yet realistic spaces for students to rehearse conflict scenarios, reflect on their strategies, and develop adaptive communication skills. From a quantitative research design perspective, role-play assessment is identified as the independent variable and conflict communication competence as the dependent variable. Evidence from prior studies consistently demonstrates that role-play interventions foster empathy, confidence, and cooperative conflict behaviors across diverse learning contexts. The proposed framework extends theoretical models of competence development and offers practical guidance for integrating role-play into curriculum and assessment design. While the framework is yet to be empirically tested, it provides a strong foundation for future research to examine its effectiveness and explore moderating factors such as cultural background, personality traits, and learning environments. By rethinking assessment as an active, immersive learning process, this study encourages higher education to better equip students with the communication skills necessary to manage conflict effectively skills that are increasingly indispensable in today’s collaborative, dynamic workplaces.

KAJIAN PERLINDUNGAN UNDANG - UNDANG TERHADAP PELANCONG DALAM AKTIVITI EKOPELANCONGAN

Nur Aisyah Fatihah Mohamad Zamry — 2026-03-09

Kajian ini membincangkan perlindungan undang-undang terhadap pelancong dalam aktiviti ekopelancongan di Malaysia dengan memberi tumpuan kepada keberkesanan pelaksanaan dan cabaran penguatkuasaan undang-undang sedia ada. Malaysia memiliki pelbagai akta yang berkaitan seperti Akta Industri Pelancongan 1992 (Akta 482), Akta Perlindungan Pengguna 1999 (Akta 599), Akta Pemuliharaan Hidupan Liar 2010 (Akta 716), Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984 (Akta 313), Akta Perikanan 1985 (Akta 317), dan Akta Taman Negara 1980 (Akta 226). Namun, kajian ini mendapati bahawa ketiadaan kerangka undang-undang khusus untuk ekopelancongan, pertindihan kuasa antara agensi dan kelemahan pemantauan di lapangan menjejaskan keberkesanan perlindungan terhadap pelancong dan kelestarian alam sekitar. Kajian ini turut membandingkan pendekatan perundangan di Australia, Thailand dan Singapura yang memperlihatkan keberkesanan struktur pentadbiran tunggal, pensijilan lestari dan penguatkuasaan bersepadu. Dapatan kajian mencadangkan agar Malaysia merangka satu akta khusus yang holistik, merangkumi pelesenan operator, perlindungan pengguna, pemantauan berasaskan teknologi serta peranan komuniti tempatan, untuk memastikan ekopelancongan dilaksanakan secara bertanggungjawab, selamat dan mampan.

A REVIEW OF CYBERBULLYING DETECTION ON SOCIAL MEDIA

Mohd Azizuddin Ali — 2026-03-30

The digital world is evolving quickly today. The way people communicate no longer relies on traditional methods like telegraphs, letters, and phone calls. The internet has transformed the global scene and affected social interaction, communication, and information sharing. This progress has led to the growth of digital social media platforms that enable all forms of knowledge sharing and communication, helping users. However, among these features, some users engage in risky behaviours such as cyberbullying and harassment. This paper explores cyberbullying, social media, and machine learning, outlining their definitions, categories, and functions. It reviews detection methods for cyberbullying, focusing on data sources, feature extraction, evaluation metrics, and classification techniques, especially Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing (NLP). The paper identifies gaps, assesses current approaches, and proposes future research directions.

BETWEEN STETHOSCOPE AND STATUTE: WHO COUNTS AS MEDICO-LEGAL EXPERT IN MALAYSIA

Nur Liyana Hanapi — 2026-03-17

Doctors in Malaysia regularly provide expert opinions to courts, regulators, and healthcare institutions, yet there is no structured mechanism for recognising or validating medico-legal expertise. Because medical law is not recognised as a clinical specialty under the Medical Act 1971 [Act 50], medico-legal competence develops outside the statutory specialist framework. This creates a recognition gap in which legitimacy, scope, and accountability remain unclear. This paper argues that treating medico-legal practice as a missing specialty misdiagnoses the problem. Specialist recognition is designed to validate clinical competence in therapeutic decision-making. Medico-legal work, by contrast, concerns accountability, regulatory interpretation, and institutional decision-making. The difficulty lies not in the absence of title, but in the absence of a governance framework for non-clinical subject-matter expertise. Through comparative analysis and doctrinal examination, the paper identifies structural constraints in current practice, including reliance on ad hoc reputation and case-specific judicial gatekeeping. It distinguishes between clinicians who undertake occasional expert work and practitioners whose roles are predominantly governance-oriented, noting that neither pathway is supported by a standardised validation model. To address this gap, the paper proposes a Subject-Matter Expert (SME) framework based on function rather than status. The framework introduces structured validation, time-limited recognition, defined scope, and independence safeguards. It recommends administrative hosting within the Academy of Medicine of Malaysia to ensure professional oversight without incorporating medico-legal expertise into the National Specialist Register. By prioritising competence and accountability over title creation, the framework offers a governance-based solution that preserves judicial discretion and respects the statutory separation between the medical and legal professions.

ETHICS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF PUBLIC RELATIONS VISUAL COMMUNICATION AS A MEDIA OF PUBLIC EDUCATION IN ENCOURAGING SUSTAINABLE GLOBAL ECONOMIC RECOVERY IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

Lia Hartika — 2026-03-31

Digital transformation has encouraged the intensification of the use of visual communication in Public Relations practice as a strategic instrument to convey public information and support the public education process, especially related to the sustainable global economic recovery agenda. However, the expansion of the digital visual space also presents significant normative challenges, especially with regard to communication ethics and compliance with the legal framework of public and digital communication. This research aims to examine conceptually and normatively the role of ethics and the legal framework of visual communication in the practice of Public Relations as a public education medium that contributes to the formation of understanding and strengthening public trust in the era of digital transformation. This research uses a qualitative approach with a normative conceptual design based on the analysis of scientific literature, professional ethics documents, and public and digital communication regulations. Data were obtained through document analysis of the IPRA Code of Conduct, PRSA Code of Ethics, Digital Services Act of the European Commission, and World Economic Forum reports, which were complemented by a reflective analysis of digital visual communication practices as a public education medium. The data were analyzed thematically-normatively to identify key ethical principles, legal limitations of visual communication, and the relationship between normative compliance and strengthening public trust. The results of the study show that the integration of professional ethical principles such as honesty, accuracy, transparency, and social responsibility with adherence to the legal framework of digital communication is the main foundation for credible public relations visual communication practices. Ethical and law-abiding visual communication has proven to play a strategic role as a public education medium that is able to increase social trust, which in turn supports sustainable global economic recovery efforts amid the dynamics of digital transformation.

THE ROLE OF AGENCIES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF SPECIAL GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING CASES OF SEXUAL OFFENCES AGAINST CHILDREN IN MALAYSIA: A PROCEDURAL PERSPECTIVE

Alias Azhar Azhar — 2026-03-02

Cases of sexual crimes against children show a pattern that is increasing year by year. However, the reported cases are somewhat reduced as many people still use the excuse of shame to come forward and complain. The principle of protecting children must be prioritized for their future as the future generation of the country's leadership. The study is socio-legal in nature, that is, a research method that combines two main fields of research: social science and law. The study used content analysis using inductive and deductive. The Sexual Offences Against Child Act 2017 is an act clearly intended to protect children from sexual offences, in line with the Child Act 2001. The Special Guidelines for Handling Cases of Sexual Offences Against Children in Malaysia are designed to ensure that the aims and objectives of Act 792 can be achieved more effectively. The collective efforts of all agencies are based on the Special Guidelines, which serve as a support measure for the handling of victims of child sexual offences.Cooperation between Ministries and government agencies such as the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development, Division of Legal Affairs, Prime Minister's Department, Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM), Ministry of Health, Courts, and Department of Social Welfare (JKM) with one goal, to ensure the protection and welfare of children are guaranteed within the legal and social framework in Malaysia.

PEMBUBARAN PERKAHWINAN: ANALISIS LAPORAN BERTULIS PEJABAT KADHI BESUT, 1972 SEHINGGA 1978

Haryati Hasan — 2026-03-05

Artikel ini mengenai pembubaran perkahwinan melalui tuntutan Fasakh. Analisis berdasarkan laporan bertulis Pejabat Kadhi Besut dari tahun 1972 sehingga 1978. Laporan berkenaan diperolehi di Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Terengganu. Perbincangan artikel ini mengupas sebanyak 19 buah kes tuntutan Fasakh yang dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian. Pada bahagian pertama menerangkan tentang latar belakang pelapor dan terdakwa seperti tempat asal, umur, tempoh masa ditinggalkan, status perkahwinan dan keluarga serta pekerjaan terdakwa. Sementara itu bahagian kedua pula menghuraikan mengenai faktor yang menyebabkan pelapor membuat aduan kepada pihak Pejabat Kadhi Besut. Perbincangan dicerakinkan kepada masalah pengabaian nafkah dan tanggungjawab, penyelewengan dalam poligami dan menghilangkan diri untuk tempoh masa tertentu. Kajian lanjutan perlu dilakukan kerana maklumat mengenai pekerjaan dan mengapa tempoh tuntutan mengambil masa yang lama masih belum lengkap. Selain itu peranan Pejabat Kadhi Besut dalam menangani isu permasalahan berkaitan pasca pembubaran perkahwinan perlu dinilai kembali. Hal ini penting bagi menjaga kebajikan pelbagai pihak terutama wanita dan anak-anak.

This paper examines the dissolution of marriage through Fasakh petitions based on written reports from the Office of the Kadhi Besut from 1972 to 1978. These reports were obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia, Terengganu Branch. The discussion analyses 19 selected Fasakh cases. Over the seven-year period, the analysis focuses on two main aspects. The first explains the background of the couples, particularly the complainant (wife) and the defendant (husband), covering elements such as place of origin, age, duration of abandonment, marital and family status, and occupation. The second aspect outlines the factors that led wives to file complaints with the Kadhi’s office, categorised into the neglect of financial and marital responsibilities, misconduct in polygamy, and disappearance of the husband for certain periods. Further research is needed as information regarding the husbands’ occupations and the reasons behind the lengthy delay before filing the petitions remains incomplete. Additionally, the role of the Kadhi Besut Office in addressing issues related to post-divorce matters should be reassessed to ensure the wellbeing of all parties, particularly women and children.

DEVELOPING A LITERATURE-BASED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY OVERHANG IN MALAYSIA

Zaherawati Zakaria — 2026-03-30

Residential property overhang has become a persistent concern in Malaysia, signalling a long-standing imbalance between what the market supplies and what households are truly able to afford. Despite various initiatives, such as the Home Ownership Campaign and affordable housing programmes, the issue continues to burden developers, financial institutions, and urban communities. This study seeks to make sense of this complex situation by developing a literature-based conceptual framework that brings together the main factors contributing to the overhang. A systematic review of studies, government reports, and market assessments published between 2000 and 2025 highlights four major drivers: market dynamics such as oversupply and pricing misalignment; socioeconomic pressures, including income stagnation and limited affordability; developer behaviour influenced by speculative and investment-driven projects; and governance gaps relating to fragmented planning and regulatory inconsistencies. These factors interact through mediating elements such as buyer preferences, market absorption patterns, and policy effectiveness, resulting in financial, social, and spatial consequences. The proposed framework integrates structural, behavioural, and policy-related dimensions, offering a clearer understanding of how the problem persists across different market segments. By consolidating these insights, the study provides a foundation for future empirical research and supports the development of more strategic, evidence-based interventions to promote a balanced, affordable, and sustainable housing market in Malaysia.

SAFEGUARDING LAND TRANSFERS IN ESTATE PLANNING: MISUSE OF TRUST DEEDS AND THE NEED FOR REGULATORY REFORM IN MALAYSIA

Noor Rashidah Ramli — 2026-03-16

Estate planning is a vital aspect of personal wealth management, ensuring that assets are safeguarded and efficiently transferred to intended beneficiaries. Estate planning involving lands commonly involves wills and inter-vivos gifts, but trust deeds have also become a popular mechanism. The increasing use of trust deeds, however, has given rise to land scam issues, especially in skewer lot cases, sparking concerns among land authorities. Literature and preliminary studies highlight misuse of trust deeds as a way to circumvent restrictions under the Torrens System as embodied in the National Land Code (Revised 2020) [Act 828]. Such misuse undermines the objectives of estate planning, creating risks of manipulation of inheritance processes and threatening intergenerational sustainability. This article examines the significance of estate planning in wealth management, focusing on the problem of trust deed misuse. It specifically analyses the concept of restriction in interest under Malaysia’s land tenure system and the potential consequences if such trust deeds are allowed to be registered without safeguards. Employing a qualitative content analysis within the doctrinal legal research methodology, the study reviewed primary and secondary sources including legislation, books, articles, and case studies. Findings reveal the absence of a procedural framework to validate trust deeds prior to registration in the land title system. This legal gap creates opportunities for fraudulent practices where trust deeds are misused to bypass laws and regulations. The study concludes that while trust deeds can be effective estate planning tools, their unregulated use exposes landowners and beneficiaries to significant risks. Thus, enhanced supervision by land authorities, supported by a clear procedural framework, is crucial to ensure synchronization of land administration and protection of land interests.

DUN TERENGGANU TANPA PEMBANGKANG: SATU TINJAUAN ANALISIS MEDIA

Ilyas Abdullah — 2026-03-31

Artikel ini membincangkan polemik berkaitan keberkesanan perbahasan DUN Terengganu tanpa pembangkang. Dapatan daripada kajian ini dilakukan berdasarkan beberapa analisis daripada tajuk berita terpilih sepanjang tahun 2023. PRU 2022 dan PRN 2023 melakarkan sejarah baharu dalam politik Terengganu. PAS bukan sahaja berjaya memenangi semua lapan kerusi parlimen malahan turut berjaya menewaskan gabungan BN-PH dalam PRN 2023 dengan memperolehi 32 kerusi sekaligus menjadikan Terengganu sebagai satu-satunya negeri tanpa pembangkang. Berdasarkan keputusan PRN tersebut, pelbagai polemik timbul dan menjadi tajuk-tajuk berita berkaitan amalan demokrasi yang dikatakan terhenti di DUN Terengganu. Selain daripada polemik, dapatan kajian ini turut membincangkan cadangan dan penyelesaian yang dianalisis berdasarkan tajuk-tajuk berita terpilih. Berdasarkan analisis, praktis demokrasi di DUN Terengganu sebenarnya berlangsung seperti biasa. Dalam politik moden, pelbagai pendekatan boleh dilakukan sebagai mekanisme semak dan imbang kepada kerajaan. Selain daripada peranan backbencher, rakyat sendiri mampu memainkan peranan secara berkesan dan mengawal segala dasar, perancangan dan perkembangan projek yang dilakukan oleh Kerajaan Terengganu. Pindaan terhadap Undang-Undang Tubuh Kerajaan Negeri Terengganu pada tahun 1999 oleh Hadi Awang selaku Menteri Besar ketika itu membuktikan keterbukaan Kerajaan Terengganu menerima teguran dan pandangan alternatif daripada ADUN Lantikan. ADUN Lantikan boleh dilantik maksimun empat orang yang terdiri daripada wanita dan juga wakil bukan Islam. Justeru, Fasal yang termaktub dalam Undang-Undang Kerajaan Negeri Terengganu juga wajar diperluaskan kepada wakil pembangkang untuk dipilih sebagai ADUN Lantikan tanpa melalui proses pilihanraya. Hal ini bagi membolehkan wakil daripada parti pembangkang sekurang-kurang mampu terlibat dalam perbahasan di DUN.

This article discusses the polemic related to the effectiveness of the Terengganu State Assembly debate without opposition. The findings from this study were based on several analyses from selected news headlines throughout 2023. The 2022 General Election and the 2023 General Election have made a new history in Terengganu politics. PAS not only managed to win all eight parliamentary seats but also managed to defeat the BN-PH coalition in the 2023 election by winning 32 seats, thus making Terengganu the only state without an opposition. Based on the results of the election, various polemics arose and became news headlines related to the practice of democracy which is said to have stopped in the Terengganu State Assembly. Apart from polemics, the findings of this study also discuss proposals and solutions analysed based on selected news headlines. Based on the analysis, the practice of democracy in the Terengganu State Assembly goes on as usual. In modern politics, various approaches can be taken as a check and balance mechanism to the government. Apart from the role of the backbencher, the people themselves can play an effective role and control all policies, planning and project development carried out by the Terengganu Government. The amendment to the Terengganu State Government Body Law in 1999 by Hadi Awang as Chief Minister proved the Terengganu Government's openness to accept alternative views from the Appointed Assemblymen. Appointed Assemblymen can be appointed a maximum of four people consisting of women and non-Muslim representatives. Therefore, the clause enshrined in the Terengganu State Government Law should also be extended to opposition representatives to be elected as Appointed Assemblymen without going through an election process. This is to enable representatives from opposition parties to at least be able to participate in debates in the state assembly.

DEPOSIT-REFUND SYSTEMS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL: GLOBAL LESSONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR MALAYSIA

Shahariah Asmuni — 2026-03-01

Deposit-refund systems (DRS) are widely acknowledged as efficient and practical policy measures for pollution reduction alongside with the promotion of circular economy practices since they give the consumers the incentive to return used products and get the refund as a result. The Polluter Pays Principle has been operationalised by DRS and has resulted in countries with strong legislation, efficient infrastructure, and high public participation recording recovery rates of over 90 percent as seen in Germany, Norway, Canada, and South Korea. These examples show that DRS can be applied even in countries with different governance and cultural contexts. The planned introduction of DRS in Singapore in 2025 is another evidence of this growing trend in Asia. Even though Malaysia has implemented various laws and policies pertaining to waste management, it has not yet adopted DRS at the national level and consequently, due to weak governance, limited facilities, and dependence on informal waste collectors, it still records low recycling rates. The paper using international experiences as reference examines the suitability of DRS for Malaysia and suggests a gradual implementation that is backed by the provision of clear legislation, the establishment of collection and digital refund infrastructure, and the active participation of stakeholders. The adoption of DRS in Malaysia is predicted to enhance the country's waste management system, lessen the reliance on landfills, and speed up the achievement of its Sustainable Development Goals.

REKONSTRUKSI STRUKTUR SOSIAL KRT BAGI PENGUKUHAN TADBIR URUS KEJIRANAN: IMPLIKASI TERHADAP PERANCANGAN DASAR MALAYSIA

Mohd Sobhi Ishak — 2026-03-05

Kawasan Rukun Tetangga (KRT) merupakan institusi sosial akar umbi yang mempunyai liputan paling luas dalam rangka pembangunan perpaduan negara di Malaysia. Namun, perubahan gaya hidup moden, peningkatan stratifikasi sosioekonomi dan pemudaran norma kejiranan tradisional telah mengubah dinamika sosial komuniti setempat, sekali gus memberi kesan terhadap keberkesanan pelaksanaan dasar kerajaan di peringkat akar umbi. Walaupun KRT sering dinilai sebagai pelantar pelaksanaan program perpaduan, analisis empirikal terhadap struktur sosial KRT sebagai asas keberkesanan dasar masih terhad. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan menilai struktur sosial KRT melalui tiga dimensi utama iaitu institusi sosial, stratifikasi sosial dan norma sosial bagi memahami implikasinya terhadap tadbir urus kejiranan dan perancangan dasar negara. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk penyelidikan campuran yang melibatkan tinjauan nasional terhadap 4,264 responden daripada 32 KRT progresif di seluruh Malaysia, disokong oleh sesi perbincangan kumpulan berfokus bersama pemimpin komuniti dan pegawai kerajaan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan wujudnya ketidakseimbangan penyertaan komuniti yang dipengaruhi oleh perbezaan kedudukan ekonomi, kepekatan peranan kepimpinan dalam kelompok tertentu serta kemerosotan amalan sosial harian seperti budaya memberi salam, membantu jiran dan gotong royong. Keadaan ini mencerminkan tanda awal gejala anomi pada peringkat komuniti yang berpotensi melemahkan keberkesanan pelaksanaan dasar berasaskan penyertaan. Berdasarkan dapatan tersebut, kajian ini mengemukakan implikasi dasar yang konkrit, termasuk keperluan membangunkan sistem data sosial KRT di peringkat nasional, reka bentuk program yang disesuaikan dengan variasi lokaliti serta pengukuhan kepimpinan rentas generasi sebagai intervensi strategik. Secara keseluruhan, kajian ini menegaskan bahawa KRT merupakan infrastruktur sosial kritikal yang perlu diintegrasikan secara sistematik dalam perancangan dasar negara bagi memastikan pelaksanaan dasar perpaduan dan pembangunan sosial yang lebih inklusif, berasaskan bukti dan mampan.

The Neighbourhood Watch Areas is a grassroots social institution with the widest reach within Malaysia’s national unity development framework. However, changes in modern lifestyles, increasing socioeconomic stratification, and the erosion of traditional neighbourhood norms have altered local community social dynamics, thereby affecting the effectiveness of government policy implementation at the grassroots level. Although KRT is often assessed as a platform for implementing unity programmes, empirical analysis of its social structure as a foundation for policy effectiveness remains limited. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the social structure of KRT through three key dimensions: social institutions, social stratification, and social norms to understand their implications for neighbourhood governance and national policy planning. This study adopts a mixed-methods research design involving a nationwide survey of 4,264 respondents from 32 progressive KRTs across Malaysia, supported by focus group discussions with community leaders and government officials. The findings reveal imbalances in community participation influenced by differences in economic position, the concentration of leadership roles within specific groups, and the decline of everyday social practices such as greeting neighbours, mutual assistance, and communal activities. These conditions reflect early signs of anomie at the community level, which have the potential to weaken the effectiveness of participation-based policy implementation. Based on these findings, the study proposes concrete policy implications, including the need to develop a national-level KRT social data system, the design of programmes tailored to local variations, and the strengthening of intergenerational leadership as a strategic intervention. Overall, this study emphasises that KRT constitutes a critical social infrastructure that must be systematically integrated into national policy planning to ensure more inclusive, evidence-based, and sustainable implementation of unity and social development policies.

PERANAN MALAYSIA DALAM PERTUBUHAN KERJASAMA ISLAM (OIC): SATU ANALISIS INTEGRASI ANTARABANGSA

Muhammad Effendi Ismail — 2026-03-26

Pertubuhan Kerjasama Islam (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, OIC) merupakan organisasi antarabangsa yang berperanan menyelaras kepentingan politik, keselamatan dan pembangunan negara-negara Islam di peringkat global. Malaysia, sebagai sebuah negara Islam sederhana dengan orientasi dasar luar yang pragmatik, telah terlibat secara aktif dalam organisasi ini sejak menyertai organisasi ini. Namun, kajian yang menganalisis peranan Malaysia dalam OIC melalui kerangka teori integrasi antarabangsa dan fungsi organisasi antarabangsa masih terhad. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis peranan Malaysia dalam organisasi tersebut melalui perspektif integrasi antarabangsa dan teori organisasi antarabangsa. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis konseptual dan analisis dokumen terhadap dasar luar Malaysia, kenyataan rasmi OIC, serta literatur akademik berkaitan. Dapatan kajian memperlihatkan bagaimana Malaysia menggunakan pendekatan diplomasi kuasa sederhana (middle power diplomacy) dalam memperkukuh kerjasama dan norma politik dalam organisasi ini. Peranan ini bukan sahaja mencerminkan usaha integrasi Malaysia dalam sistem antarabangsa Islam, tetapi juga memperlihatkan bagaimana organisasi ini berfungsi sebagai platform diplomasi multilateral bagi negara-negara Islam. Artikel ini menyumbang kepada literatur hubungan antarabangsa dengan menjelaskan peranan diplomasi kuasa sederhana Malaysia dalam organisasi antarabangsa Islam serta implikasinya terhadap keberkesanan OIC sebagai platform kerjasama multilateral.

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is an international organization that plays an important role in coordinating the political, security, and development interests of Muslim countries at the global level. Malaysia, as a moderate Muslim country with a pragmatic foreign policy orientation, has been actively involved in the OIC since joining the organization. However, Malaysia’s role within the OIC is often discussed in a largely descriptive manner, with limited analysis from the perspective of international integration and the functions of international organizations. This article aims to analyze Malaysia’s role in the OIC through the lens of international integration and international organization theory, focusing on two key dimensions: normative Islamic leadership and Malaysia’s diplomatic role in addressing security and stability issues in Muslim countries. The study adopts a qualitative approach based on conceptual analysis and document analysis of Malaysia’s foreign policy, official OIC statements, and relevant secondary sources. The analysis shows that Malaysia functions as a middle power that contributes to the promotion of moderate Islamic norms, political dialogue, and security cooperation within the OIC, despite facing institutional constraints and the diverse interests of member states. This role not only reflects Malaysia’s efforts to integrate within the international Islamic system but also illustrates how the OIC operates as a platform for multilateral diplomacy among Muslim countries. This article contributes to the literature on political science and international relations by providing a more structured analysis of Malaysia’s role in the OIC and its implications for Malaysia’s foreign policy and the effectiveness of the OIC as an international organization.

KECENDERUNGAN PENGUNDI INDIA DALAM PILIHAN RAYA UMUM DI MALAYSIA: ANALISIS PRESTASI MALAYSIAN INDIAN CONGRESS (MIC) PASCA PRU KE-12

M. Periasamy — 2026-03-12

Kajian ini merupakan kajian kualitatif tematik yang bertujuan mengenal pasti faktor-faktor penentu yang membentuk pilihan mengundi dalam kalangan pengundi India di Malaysia dalam tempoh pasca Pilihan Raya Umum ke-12 (PRU-12). Kajian ini dilaksanakan bagi memahami perubahan corak tingkah laku politik pengundi India susulan peralihan landskap politik nasional selepas PRU-12. Data kajian diperoleh melalui temu bual kualitatif separa berstruktur bersama 30 orang informan yang mewakli komuniti India. Semua temu bual telah ditranskripsikan dan dianalisis menggunakan perisian NVivo bagi mengenalpasti tema-tema utama yang muncul daripada set data. Pendekatan analisis kajian ini berpandukan model tingkah laku pengundian klasik, iaitu model sosiologi, identifikasi parti dan pilihan rasional. Namun demikian, kajian ini melangkaui kerangka teori konvensional dengan meneliti peranan emosi dalam mempengaruhi proses pembuatan keputusan mengundi. Pengintegrasian dimensi emosi ke dalam analisis membolehkan pemahaman yang lebih menyeluruh terhadap dinamik tingkah laku politik pengundi India di Malaysia. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan berlakunya peralihan yang ketara daripada kesetiaan berasaskan faktor sosiologi dan kepartian kepada motivasi yang lebih rasional serta dipengaruhi oleh emosi. Emosi afektif seperti kemarahan, kekecewaan, rasa tidak puas hati dan aspirasi terhadap maruah, muncul sebagai penentu utama dalam pembentukan pilihan pengundian, sekali gus mencerminkan perubahan landskap politik dan kesedaran politik yang semakin matang dalam kalangan pengundi India pasca PRU-12.

This study adopts a thematic qualitative approach to identify the key determinants shaping voting choices among Indian voters in Malaysia in the post-12^th General Election (GE-12) period. The study is motivated by the need to understand the evolving political behaviour of the Indian community following significant electoral realignment after G-12. Research data were collected through semi-structured qualitative interviews with 30 informants representing diverse segments of the Indian community. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and systematically analyzed using NVivo software to identify dominant themes emerging from the data set. The analytical framework of the study is grounded in classical models of voting behaviour, namely the sociological model, party identification and rational choice theory. These models provide the foundational lens for examining structural, partisan, and instrumental considerations influencing voting decisions. However, the study extends beyond conventional theoretical framework by explicitly examining the role of emotions in influencing the voting decisions-making process. The integration of emotional dimensions into the analysis allows for a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the dynamics underpinning political behaviour among Indian voters in Malaysia. The findings reveal a significant shift away from traditional sociological and party-based loyalties towards voting motivations that are increasingly rational and emotionally driven. Affective emotions such as anger, frustrations, dissatisfaction, and aspirations for dignity emerge as key determinants in shaping voting preferences. This shift reflect broader changes in the political landscape and indicates a growing level of political awareness, and maturity among Indian voters in Malaysia in the post-GE12 period.

PENILAIAN ADAT PERKAHWINAN MASYARAKAT SULUK DI LAHAD DATU, SABAH DARI PERSPEKTIF ISLAM

Nurul Atiqah Azman — 2026-03-30

Adat merupakan sistem amalan dan peraturan sosial yang diwarisi secara turun-temurun serta berfungsi sebagai asas pembentukan identiti dan struktur sosial sesebuah masyarakat. Di Malaysia, adat berperanan penting sebagai warisan kebudayaan yang membentuk norma, nilai dan cara hidup komuniti, termasuk dalam institusi perkahwinan. Makalah ini membincangkan konsep adat dari perspektif antropologi dan budaya dengan penekanan terhadap adat perkahwinan sebagai manifestasi nilai sosial, simbolik dan estetika masyarakat. Kajian ini memfokuskan kepada adat perkahwinan etnik Suluk di Sabah, khususnya di daerah Lahad Datu, yang masih mengekalkan fasa-fasa tradisional seperti merisik, meminang, penyampaian hantaran dan majlis perkahwinan. Metodologi kajian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui temu bual separa berstruktur bersama informan utama serta pemerhatian turut serta dalam pelaksanaan upacara perkahwinan bagi memperoleh data yang mendalam dan kontekstual. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa setiap fasa adat perkahwinan Suluk membawa makna simbolik yang mencerminkan hubungan kekeluargaan, struktur sosial dan identiti budaya masyarakat tersebut. Walaupun terdapat beberapa elemen adat yang berpotensi bercanggah dengan prinsip agama moden, amalan ini masih terus dikekalkan sebagai lambang warisan budaya, kesinambungan tradisi dan pengukuhan identiti sosio-budaya dalam kalangan generasi masa kini.

Adat refers to a system of practices and social regulations inherited from generation to generation and functions as a foundation for the formation of identity and social structure within a community. In Malaysia, adat plays a significant role as a form of cultural heritage that shapes community norms, values, and ways of life, including within the institution of marriage. This paper discusses the concept of adat from anthropological and cultural perspectives, with particular emphasis on marriage customs as manifestations of social, symbolic, and aesthetic values. The study focuses on the marriage customs of the Suluk ethnic group in Sabah, specifically in the Lahad Datu district, where traditional phases such as courtship inquiry (merisik), formal proposal (meminang), exchange of marriage gifts, and the wedding ceremony are still practiced. The research adopts a qualitative methodology employing semi-structured interviews with key informants and participant observation during wedding rituals to obtain in-depth and contextual data. The findings indicate that each phase of the Suluk marriage customs carries symbolic meanings that reflect kinship relations, social structure, and the cultural identity of the community. Although certain elements of these customs may potentially conflict with modern religious principles, the practices continue to be preserved as symbols of cultural heritage, the continuity of tradition, and the strengthening of socio-cultural identity among contemporary generations.