INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW, GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNICATION (IJLGC)

ETHICAL RISKS AND COPING STRATEGIES OF GENERATIVE AI IN MUSIC EDUCATION

Huixin Zhen, Wan Ahmad Jaafar Wan Yahaya — Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The increasingly prominent role of generative AI in education, and the application of generative AI in music education and industry have drawn sustained scholarly attention to its pedagogical value, ethical challenges, and effects on musical creativity. AI tools are applied in intelligent composition, music production, music creation, assisted lesson preparation, etc. Although generative AI has effectively enhanced music creation, production efficiency, and pedagogical innovation in the field of music, according to the UNESCO (2021) Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, China’s (2023) Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services, and relevant literature, the ethical risks of generative AI in music field remain significant. Based on relevant literature, this study contributes a risk taxonomy, an ethical governance framework, and actionable policy guidelines to promote the ethical and healthy development of generative AI in music education.

ALTERNATIVE FUNDING MODELS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Elena Mazlinda Mazlan, Zulhasni Abdul Rahim — Sun, 07 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The growing complexity of societal challenges and the increasing costs and risks associated with research and development (R&D) have intensified scrutiny of traditional, project-based public funding models, which are criticised for rigidity, short-termism, and uneven distribution of resources. In response, a diverse set of alternative funding models has emerged, yet the existing evidence remains fragmented across disciplines, policy contexts, and methodological approaches. This study presents a systematic literature review that synthesises and critically evaluates scholarly work on alternative funding models for R&D, with a system-level focus on how funding is designed, allocated, governed, and experienced by research actors. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, a structured search was conducted using the Scopus as well as Web of Science databases, employing advanced keyword combinations associated with R&D and public funding. Following screening, eligibility assessment, and quality appraisal, 57 primary studies were retained for in-depth analysis. The findings are organised into four thematic areas: (1) funding mechanisms, allocation design, and performance effects; (2) equity, disparities, and the question of who gets funded; (3) governance, accountability, integrity, and regulatory constraints; and (4) institutions, innovation ecosystems, participation, and researcher-facing realities. Across these themes, the literature reveals persistent tensions between efficiency and inclusivity, accountability and flexibility, and strategic steering and academic autonomy. The review shows that alternative funding models—including hybrid public–private schemes, mission-oriented instruments, and participatory mechanisms—can generate benefits but also introduce governance and equity challenges depending on their design and institutional context. By reframing alternative funding models as interacting allocation logics and governance arrangements, this review advances a more integrated understanding of R&D funding systems and highlights priorities for future research on comparative effectiveness, long-term innovation outcomes, and system-level funding design.

SIKAP DAN KEPUASAN RAKYAT TERHADAP PRESTASI KERAJAAN NEGERI KELANTAN DI BAWAH PENTADBIRAN PAS PASCA PRN 2023: SATU KAJIAN KES DI KAWASAN PARLIMEN KOTA BHARU, KELANTAN

Mazlan Ali, Junaidi Awang Besar — Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

Artikel ini meneliti sikap dan kepuasan rakyat terhadap prestasi Kerajaan Negeri yang ditadbir oleh Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) di negeri Kelantan, dengan memberi fokus kepada kawasan P21 Parlimen Kota Bharu selepas Pilihan Raya Negeri (PRN) 2023. Kajian ini juga mengkaji tahap kepuasan rakyat terhadap usaha pembangunan, keberkesanan pentadbiran Menteri Besar Kelantan, serta impak program diperkenalkan oleh kerajaan negeri. Tumpuan utama kajian ini adalah penduduk di Parlimen Kota Bharu yang merangkumi 32 daerah terpilih, melibatkan seramai 1,000 orang responden yang dipilih menerusi kaedah bersrata bernisbah purposive. Data kajian juga dianalisis secara deskriptif. Kelantan, yang telah lama berada di bawah penguasaan PAS, menawarkan konteks politik yang unik dengan corak sokongan rakyat yang berakar kepada elemen keagamaan, budaya dan identiti tempatan. Hasil kajian mendapati majoriti responden menyatakan tahap kepuasan yang tinggi terhadap kepimpinan kerajaan negeri, meskipun terdapat ruang penambahbaikan terutama dalam aspek infrastruktur dan pengurusan sisa pepejal. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada wacana akademik berhubung politik pembangunan di negeri-negeri yang ditadbir oleh PAS. Kajian ini juga memberi gambaran kepada pemahaman yang lebih mendalam dan bermakna terhadap keberkesanan tadbir urus negeri dalam konteks pembangunan wilayah di Malaysia dengan menyoroti dimensi ekonomi, sosial, infrastruktur, dan spiritual yang membentuk persepsi rakyat. Sebagai rumusan, kajian ini memberikan satu gambaran penting dan jelas tentang kestabilan politik di Kelantan dan potensi hala tuju pentadbiran negeri pasca PRN 2023.

This article examines the attitudes and satisfaction of the people toward the performance of the State Government administered by the Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) in Kelantan, with a particular focus on the P21 Kota Bharu parliamentary constituency following the 2023 State Election (PRN 2023). The study also evaluates public satisfaction with development efforts, the administrative effectiveness of the Kelantan Chief Minister, and the impact of programs introduced by the state government. The primary focus is on residents within the Kota Bharu parliamentary constituency, covering 32 selected districts and involving 1,000 respondents selected through a proportionate stratified purposive sampling method. The data were analyzed descriptively. Kelantan, which has long been governed by PAS, presents a unique political context with a support pattern rooted in religious, cultural, and local identity elements. The findings reveal that the majority of respondents expressed a high level of satisfaction with the state government’s leadership, although there remains room for improvement, particularly in infrastructure development and solid waste management. This study contributes to the academic discourse on development politics in PAS-led states. It also provides a more meaningful and in-depth understanding of state-level governance effectiveness in the context of regional development in Malaysia, highlighting the economic, social, infrastructural, and spiritual dimensions that shape public perception. In conclusion, the study offers an important and clear picture of political stability in Kelantan and the potential direction of its state administration in the post-PRN 2023 era.

UAVs SECURITY THREATS IN MALAYSIAN AIRSPACE: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The UAV’s development in Malaysia has progressed due to its prominent features, especially in security and defence industries, agriculture, logistics, surveillance and disaster management. The versatility, deployability and cost efficiency influenced modern technology innovation in fulfilling the needs of the society. However, the benefits of UAVs now bestowed on the society have left a negative impact on the society, especially on the Malaysian airspace. The security threats posed by UAVs include disruptions to the civil and military airspace, violations of personal rights and illegal activities within borders. Despite its prominent benefits to society, this article emphasises the utmost significant need to address the risks in light of security and defence matters. In lieu, the lacuna left in our law regarding the use of UAVs will be highlighted as well. Furthermore, balancing innovation and security measures through a robust framework, investment in counter-UAV technology and public awareness, and collaboration for border security with neighbouring countries must be established. Through a qualitative methodology, this article will propose guidelines for government stakeholders, policymakers and enforcement agencies to mitigate UAV-related risks and, at the same time, maximise UAVs’ potential benefits bestowed on society.

TAHYUL DAN FENOMENA MISTIK DALAM WACANA GENERASI Z MALAYSIA: ANALISIS KONSEPTUAL BERASASKAN LITERATUR

Mohamad Murad Mahyudin Muheji — Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

Gejala tahyul dan mistik masih wujud dalam masyarakat moden. Hal ini berlaku walaupun khalayak berhadapan dengan rasionalisasi, pendidikan formal dan kemajuan teknologi. Dalam konteks Malaysia, Generasi Z yang dibesarkan dalam persekitaran digital dan berbilang budaya berdepan persoalan dalam menilai naratif tahyul dan mistik dalam ruang sosio-agama semasa. Artikel ini bertujuan menyediakan analisis konseptual menyeluruh mengenai tahyul dan realiti mistik dalam kalangan Generasi Z Malaysia melalui pendekatan berasaskan literatur. Kajian ini tidak melibatkan pengumpulan data empirikal, sebaliknya menggunakan sumber terpilih yang merangkumi karya sarjana tempatan dan serantau dalam bidang akidah, sosiologi agama, kajian budaya serta teori generasi. Analisis literatur menumpukan pembentukan konsep tahyul dan mistik, hubungannya dengan akidah Islam serta pengaruh media digital, globalisasi dan pendidikan agama. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pemikiran tahyul dan trend mistik dalam kalangan Generasi Z Malaysia bersifat dinamik. Kupasan ini bergerak antara penolakan rasional, penyesuaian budaya dan penilaian semula berasaskan kefahaman agama. Selain itu, literatur menekankan bahawa pendedahan kepada media digital dan arus global mempengaruhi cara generasi muda menilai dan mengkritisi kepercayaan tradisional. Artikel ini menyumbang kepada penggayaan perspektif akademik dengan menyediakan kerangka konseptual yang boleh digunakan sebagai asas perbincangan lanjut mengenai hubungan antara budaya, agama dan generasi muda dalam komuniti Muslim kontemporari di Malaysia. Secara keseluruhan, kajian ini menegaskan kepentingan pendekatan analisis konseptual berasaskan literatur dalam memahami perkembangan sosio-agama yang kompleks khususnya apabila pengumpulan data empirikal tidak dijalankan atau tidak diperlukan.

Superstitious beliefs and mystical practices persist in modern societies despite increasing rationalisation, formal education and technological advancement. In Malaysia Generation Z, raised in a digital and multicultural environment, encounters growing exposure to narratives of superstition and mysticism within contemporary socio religious settings. This article presents a conceptual analysis of superstition and mystical discourse among Malaysian Generation Z based on selected scholarly literature. The study adopts a non-empirical approach, drawing on local and regional works in Islamic creed, sociology of religion, cultural studies and generational theory. The analysis examines the conceptual formation of superstition and mysticism, their relationship with Islamic creed, and the influence of digital media, globalisation and religious education. The findings indicate that superstitious and mystical orientations among Malaysian Generation Z are dynamic, shaped by rational rejection, cultural adaptation and religious re-evaluation. Existing literature further suggests that digital media and global influences significantly affect how young people interpret and critique traditional beliefs. This article contributes to scholarly discourse by proposing an integrative conceptual framework for analysing the interaction between culture, religion and youth in contemporary Muslim society. The study highlights the value of literature-based conceptual analysis in addressing complex socio-religious phenomena where empirical investigation is limited or unnecessary.

WAQF AS A SUSTAINABLE FINANCING MECHANISM FOR EDUCATION: DEVELOPING A GOVERNANCE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MODEL

Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

Educational institutions, especially those that are community-based and privately managed, are experiencing financial instability due to increased operational costs and the reliance on unpredictable sources of funding. While historically, waqf has aided the growth of education in Muslim communities, current waqf management is nevertheless challenged by fragmented governance structures, inadequate accountability systems and inefficient utilization of resources. The existing research is mostly conducted on governance, sustainability, and waqf funding independently. There is limited attention towards the broad conceptual frameworks that explain the possibilities of waqf as a sustainable education financing system. This study develops a governance and resource management model for waqf-based education by merging governance, resource-based view (RBV) and sustainability theory. The study employs a rigorous conceptual analysis through a structured synthesis of previous material on waqf governance, resource management and sustainable funding. The suggested model consists of three interrelated parts, i.e., input, process and output. The governance layer deals with the regulation of accountability, transparency and monitoring procedures. The resource management layer deals with the strategic allocation, investment and utilization of waqf resources. The study suggests that good governance enhances the trust of stakeholders and ensures continuity of funding, which in turn leads to better efficiency in the allocation of resources and long-term sustainability of institutions. Theoretically, the model helps integrate the governance and sustainability perspectives into a single conceptual framework. In practice, the model offers direction for policymakers, waqf organizations, educational administrators, and practitioners of Islamic finance to establish more accountable and sustainable systems of education financing. The suggested approach also sets the ground for further empirical study on the governance of waqf and sustainable educational development. Hence, it improves the long-term sustainability, governance efficiency and accessibility of educational institutions.

UNDERSTANDING COMMITMENT IN THE MALAYSIAN SOCIO-CULTURAL SETTING: THE ROLE OF SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

Sun, 07 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This study examines the mediating function of Subjective Well-Being (SWB) in the association between Personal Values and Organizational Commitment among indigenous technical staff in the Malaysian construction sector. Despite the sector's persistent turnover issues, empirical studies examining these psychological causes within the Malaysian socio-cultural framework are scarce. Utilising a quantitative research approach, data were gathered from technical personnel and analysed with SPSS 28 and Hayes’ PROCESS Macro. The results indicate that subjective well-being strongly mediates the relationship between personal values and organizational commitment, implying that alignment of values cultivates institutional loyalty primarily via improving the employee's psychological condition. These findings enhance the theoretical framework of Schwartz’s Basic Values Theory and offer a refined comprehension of the black box connecting individual dispositions to institutional attachment. The study emphasizes the imperative for human resource strategies to evolve towards value-based management and psychosocial assistance. This study provides a solid basis for establishing sustainable human resource practices in labour-intensive sectors.

THREE TEXTS, ONE POLICY SCRIPT: ASEAN CENTRALITY AND RULE-BOUND RE-ENGAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA’S CHINA POLICY, 2018-2019

Lee Jenn Yuan, Tan Wooi Yee — Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article explains why Malaysia’s China policy under Mahathir Mohamad’s second premiership followed a distinctive sequence in 2018–2019: project review, renegotiation, and rule-bound re-engagement, rather than strategic decoupling. Existing accounts emphasise hedging, domestic political change, and the political economy of Belt and Road Initiative projects, but they do not fully account for the procedural ordering or Malaysia’s persistent reliance on legal and multilateral framing. Using a policy text analysis approach, the study examines two Malaysian policy documents together with one relevant ASEAN regional reference text: Malaysia’s Foreign Policy Framework of the New Malaysia, ASEAN’s Outlook on the Indo-Pacific, and Malaysia’s Defence White Paper. Read together, these texts articulate a rules-first, ASEAN-centred policy vocabulary emphasising dialogue, international law, and non-militarisation. Using interpretive process tracing, the article derives observable implications from the script and aligns them with the 2018–2019 policy timeline. It shows how review could be justified as governance correction, renegotiation as contractual repair, and resumed cooperation as ASEAN-compatible, rules-based engagement, while sensitive security issues were channelled through ASEAN-led venues. The article concludes by highlighting how authoritative texts can tether short-term volatility and enhance small-state predictability under rivalry.

DEVELOPING A CITIZEN-CENTRIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR STATE LEGISLATIVE REPRESENTATIVES IN MALAYSIA

Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This paper develops a conceptual framework for a citizen-centric performance evaluation system for state legislative representatives in Malaysia. This study does not present a finished scorecard. It does, however, clarify the framework’s purpose, scope, and operational logic so that it can later be tested and adapted. The framework responds to a governance gap in which election-based accountability and formal oversight alone provide only episodic, incomplete, and weakly visible information about representative’s responsiveness, constituency service, and transparency. Drawing on social accountability scholarship, participatory governance theory, and performance management literature, the paper integrates these perspectives into a four-dimension model organized around constituent service effectiveness, legislative responsiveness, transparency, and accountability. Citizen input is envisioned through structured surveys, public forums, and digital feedback channels, with responses aggregated and interpreted alongside formal legislative records and oversight findings. The paper concludes by outlining implementation, validation, and institutional design considerations for a citizen-led evaluation initiative.

GENDERED NARRATIVES IN WOMEN-ORIENTED MICRO-SHORT PLAYS: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY

Feng Nana, Tee Xiao Xi, Nur Farazilla Mohd Arsad — Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

Women-oriented micro-short plays have emerged as a distinctive audiovisual form within contemporary digital media networks, particularly in relation to women’s experiences, emotional negotiation, and identity formation. This paper examines gendered narratives in women-oriented micro-short plays from a cross-cultural perspective, focusing on how such narratives shape female audience identification and reflect broader socio-cultural conditions. Adopting a qualitative-dominant mixed-methods design, the study draws on questionnaire responses, textual and narrative analysis of selected micro-short plays, and an illustrative case study of a representative women-oriented micro-short series distributed on a major short-video platform. The findings indicate that narratives centred on women’s self-development, emotional negotiation, workplace experience, and social identity are central to audience engagement. The compressed narrative structure and heightened emotional pacing of micro-short plays strengthen affective resonance and facilitate audience identification. The cross-cultural comparison reveals both shared and culturally specific patterns of gender representation. Domestic productions tend to emphasise family values and relational negotiation, while international examples more frequently foreground personal autonomy, self-realisation, and boundary-setting. This paper contributes to media and communication studies by positioning women-oriented micro-short plays as a gendered media form and by highlighting their cultural significance within contemporary short-form digital storytelling.

FROM PROFILING TO ACTION: STRATEGIC PATHWAYS FOR ADDRESSING URBAN HARDCORE POVERTY IN KUALA LUMPUR

Sun, 07 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

Despite sustained national economic growth and a plethora of social safety nets, hardcore urban poverty remains an entrenched challenge in Malaysia’s metropolitan landscapes. This study critically examines the dynamics of urban deprivation in Kuala Lumpur using primary profiling data collected between 2024 and 2025, focusing on 194 households registered in the national eKasih system across the Batu, Titiwangsa, and Bandar Tun Razak constituencies. The research was executed through strategic collaboration with the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Federal Territories, and Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL). Moving beyond mere descriptive analysis, this paper seeks to bridge the gap between empirical data and actionable policy pathways. Our findings reveal a significant paradox: while many impoverished households possess latent economic productivity, their upward mobility is stifled by acute livelihood pressures, mismatched intervention designs, and systemic governance gaps. To address these challenges, the study proposes six evidence-based strategic interventions, ranging from differentiated empowerment models and integrated data governance to community-led implementation and formalized exit strategies. Ultimately, this research offers a robust, policy-oriented framework specifically tailored to navigate the complexities of poverty within high-density metropolitan environments.