INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW, GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNICATION (IJLGC)

MAQASID DAKWAH: TRENDS AND RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS

Ahmad Syihan Ismail, Siti Nur Hazirah Hamid, Yusuf Marlon Abdullah — Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The concept of Maqasid Dakwah, which integrates the higher objectives of Islamic preaching with contemporary societal needs, has increasingly become a focal point in Islamic scholarship. Despite this growing interest, a comprehensive understanding of its research trends, thematic development, and global scholarly contributions remains limited. This study aims to analyze the evolution and direction of Maqasid Dakwah research using bibliometric techniques to uncover publication patterns, dominant themes, and collaboration networks over the past two decades. The data collection was conducted through an advanced title-based search in the Scopus database using three key terms: maqasid, policy, and dakwah. The search was limited to English-language journal articles published between 2005 and 2024. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 670 documents were identified as relevant. Data cleaning and standardization were carried out using OpenRefine, while Scopus Analyzer and VOSviewer software were employed to conduct performance analysis, keyword co-occurrence mapping, and co-authorship visualization. The results indicate a sharp increase in publication output between 2004 and 2024, with Malaysia and Indonesia leading in terms of research productivity. Subject areas were dominated by social sciences, arts and humanities, Islamic studies, and economics, reflecting the multidisciplinary nature of Maqasid Dakwah. Frequently occurring keywords such as maqasid al-shariah, Islamic law, Islamic education, and sustainable development goals point to an evolving focus on ethical frameworks, policy relevance, and community well-being. The analysis also revealed limited global collaboration and underrepresentation in digital platforms and applied sciences. In conclusion, this study highlights the expanding role of Maqasid Dakwah in academic discourse and emphasizes the need for greater international cooperation and thematic diversification to strengthen its impact across disciplines and regions.

UNVEILING HOLIDAY PACKAGE SCAMS: A LEGAL ANALYSIS UNDER MALAYSIAN LAW

Nur Khalidah Dahlan, Hadi Affendy — Thu, 11 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Tourists are sometimes unaware of any act of fraud that may be contained in their holiday or travel packages, which are usually handled by the travel agents. These types of fraud are being identified as civil offenses. The purpose of this fraud act is to con their victims. One of the most common ways is by promoting fraudulent holiday or travel packages to them. This article used qualitative methodology, which is a doctrinal and comparative research method through which, it compared the pertinent literature on the relevant laws in terms of fraud cases. It also discusses relevant legal provisions in Malaysia which are enforced against these illegal activities. Three significant statutes are relevant to acts of fraud i.e. the Consumer Protection Act 1999, the Contracts Act 1950, and the Penal Code. Relevant cases are also cited to enable readers to understand and further analyze these illegal activities under civil and criminal jurisdictions.

NAVIGATING DIGITAL DIALOGUE: ASNAF STUDENTS’ EXPERIENCES OF COMMUNICATION WITH TEACHERS IN HIGH POWER DISTANCE CONTEXTS

Mohd Izwan Izhar Haris, Hanif Suhairi Abu Bakar, Asraful Anam Bahrudin — Tue, 05 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

In Malaysian schools, high power distance often shapes communication between students and teachers. This phenomenological study explores how this dynamic affects asnaf students, a financially disadvantaged group, through qualitative interviews with 10 students aged 13 to 17 in a Perlis boarding school. The study examines three objectives: (a) the nature of two-way communication, (b) the channels through which it occurs, and (c) how channel characteristics affect communication quality. The findings revealed a central theme based on the three objectives: Hierarchical Communication Culture, with subthemes: Reluctance to Initiate, Dependence on Indirect Channels, and Digital Spaces as Safe Zones. Communication was often unidirectional in face-to-face settings, but mediated more freely through digital tools. These results emphasize the role of communication tools in overcoming cultural communication barriers. The study offers practical implications for educators to design communication systems that are sensitive to power dynamics and cultural expectations.

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND EXTRA-ROLE BEHAVIOR: EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF VOLUNTEERING MEANINGFULNESS ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP AMONG SARAWAK CIVIL SERVANTS

Shahrizul Amizan Sahari, Kuldip Singh, Noni Harianti Junaidi — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Recent reforms in Sarawak’s civil service have replaced pension benefits with a contribution-based scheme for new hires, raising concerns about equity, morale, and retention. This study explores whether Volunteering Meaningfulness (VM) influences Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) among civil servants in this changing policy environment. Guided by equity theory and intrinsic motivation literature, survey data were collected and analyzed to examine the relationship between VM and OCB. The results show that employees who find volunteering meaningful are more likely to engage in positive, discretionary workplace behaviors. These findings suggest that promoting meaningful voluntary activities can help sustain motivation and commitment despite structural changes. The study contributes to public sector research by highlighting the role of intrinsic motivation in shaping workplace behavior.

UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF AN IDEAL CITY IMAGE THROUGH DOUYIN: A GOVERNMENTAL REVIEW FRAMEWORK FOR XI’AN

Li Mengjiao, Afeez Nawfal Mohd Isa — Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Background: As short video platforms increasingly shape public discourse, public perception has become a central force in constructing and redefining city image. Cities are no longer solely defined by official narratives, but also by how they are represented and interpreted through user-generated content. Douyin, one of China’s most influential platforms, provides a valuable lens to examine how contemporary users conceptualize the characteristics of an ideal city image. Objective: This study explores how the public perceives and communicates ideal city image features on Douyin, with a specific focus on Xi’an. From a governmental perspective, it synthesizes existing city image evaluation frameworks and proposes a review model that aligns with public sentiment and platform-driven engagement dynamics. Participants and Setting: A systematic review was conducted on peer-reviewed articles published in English and Chinese between January 1, 2020, and January 1, 2025, retrieved from Scopus and CNKI databases. Inclusion criteria focused on studies related to city image evaluation, city branding, digital media's impact on urban perception, and short video-based communication strategies. Methods: Adopting a systematic literature review approach, the study applied content analysis to categorize and evaluate existing assessment frameworks. Special attention was paid to models applicable to public-sector communication. Additionally, representative Douyin content and user interaction patterns were analyzed to reflect public perceptions of city image. Results and conclusion: As platforms like Douyin reshape urban branding in the Web 3.0 era, governments face new opportunities and challenges in understanding and managing digital city images. This study proposes a government-oriented evaluative framework that integrates traditional image indicators with digital engagement metrics, offering strategic insights for policymakers and urban communication practitioners navigating the evolving digital media landscape.

A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY OF ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN ISLAMIC INHERITANCE IN MALAYSIA

Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This study presents a bibliometric analysis of scholarly publications on Islamic inheritance (Faraid) in Malaysia, focusing on key issues and research challenges within the field. Islamic inheritance represents a critical aspect of Islamic law, yet in the Malaysian context, it faces complexities arising from legal pluralism, cultural influences, and administrative inconsistencies. Despite its importance, there is limited systematic evaluation of the academic trends and patterns associated with this topic. To address this gap, this study applies a bibliometric approach to explore research developments, co-authorship patterns, keyword occurrences, and country-level contributions related to Islamic inheritance. A structured search was carried out using Scopus as the main data source, focusing on three primary keywords: Islamic, inheritance, and succession. The search targeted peer-reviewed journal articles published in English between 2020 and 2025. The dataset was refined and cleaned using OpenRefine, while analysis and visualization were performed using Scopus Analyzer and VOSviewer. A total of 78 documents met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed to identify publication trends, highly cited articles,

influential authors, commonly used keywords, and active co-authorship networks. The results reveal that Indonesia and Malaysia are the most active contributors to the topic, with "inheritance," "Islamic law," and "Islamic inheritance" being the most frequently occurring keywords. However, co-authorship collaboration remains limited across countries. The findings also highlight that while interest in Islamic inheritance is growing, the research is still fragmented and concentrated within specific regions. This study contributes to the understanding of academic developments in Islamic inheritance research and provides direction for future studies by identifying research gaps, promoting cross-country collaboration, and encouraging a more integrated and multidisciplinary approach to addressing the challenges surrounding Faraid in Malaysia.

BAHASA ASING DALAM PEMBANGUNAN SOSIO-EKONOMI NEGERI SABAH

Mohd Nor Azan Abdullah, Philiadiran Philip, Saifulazry Mokhtar — Thu, 11 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Bahasa Asing adalah bahasa yang bukan merupakan bahasa ibunda. Kemahiran berbahasa asing semakin penting di Malaysia khususnya dan negeri Sabah amnya. Oleh yang demikian, banyak institusi-institusi yang menawarkan pengajian bahasa asing sama ada secara opsyen mahu secara pilihan mata pelajaran. Institusi pendidikan tinggi tidak terkecuali dalam penawaran bahasa asing. Pengkaji telah memilih pelajar-pelajar bahasa asing di Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) sebagai responden penelitian yang mewakili masyarakat di Sabah. Pengajaran bahasa asing bukan sahaja memberikan peluang pelajar mengetahui pelbagai bahasa malah ianya dapat meningkatkan kemahiran pelbagai bahasa seterusnya menyediakan peluang pekerjaan yang bersifat international. Permasalahan kajian merujuk kepada kurangnya kefahaman kepentingan menguasai kemahiran berbahasa asing. Objektif kajian menjurus kepada kepentingan penguasaan bahasa asing akan dapat membantu masyarakat meningkatkan tahap sosioekonomi melalui penglibatan secara meluas dalam aktiviti ekonomi yang akan mengurangkan risiko kemiskinan. Kepentingan pasaran kerja sosio-ekonomi dapat menyediakan peluang pekerjaan dalam bidang perhotelan, homestay, diplomatik, melanjutkan pelajaran, membuat penyelidikan malah memberi ruang untuk mengetahui budaya asing serta menambah keyakinan diri seseorang dalam berkomunikasi mahupun sebagai seorang pekerja yang cekap berkemahiran bahasa asing. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kajian campuran (mix method) iaitu kaedah kualitatif dan kaedah kuantitatif. Kaedah kualitatif bersifat kajian kepustakaan dengan merujuk sumber-sumber ilmiah berkaitan seperti artikel-artikel jurnal, buku-buku dan dokumentasi-dokumentasi berkaitan. Selain itu, penyelidik juga menjalankan temu bual terhadap beberapa informan terpilih dalam penyelidikan. Kaedah kuantitatif pula, melibatkan pengedaran borang soal selidik kepada responden penyelidikan untuk mendapatkan data-data yang diperlukan. Kajian ini membolehkan pembaca memahami kepentingan pemerolehan kemahiran bahasa asing dalam pembangunan sosio-ekonomi di Sabah.

A foreign language is a language that is not a mother tongue. Foreign language skills are becoming increasingly important in Malaysia and the state of Sabah in general. Therefore, many institutions that offer foreign language studies either optionally or by choice of subjects. Higher education institutions are no exception in offering foreign languages. The researchers selected foreign language students at University Malaysia Sabah (UMS) as the survey respondents representing the community in Sabah. Teaching foreign languages not only provides students with the opportunity to learn different languages but it can also improve their multilingual skills and thus provide international job opportunities. The problem of the study refers to the lack of understanding of the importance of mastering foreign language skills. The objective of the study is to focus on the importance of foreign language proficiency and will be able to help the community improve their socio-economic level through extensive involvement in economic activities that will reduce the risk of poverty. The importance of the socio-economic job market can provide employment opportunities in the fields of hospitality, homestay, diplomacy, further education, research and even provide space to learn about foreign cultures as well as increase one's self-confidence in communication and as an efficient worker with foreign language skills. This study used a mixed method study, namely qualitative methods and quantitative methods. The qualitative method is literature review by referring to relevant scientific sources such as journal articles, books and related documentation. In addition, the researcher also conducted interviews with several selected informants in the investigation. The quantitative method, on the other hand, involves distributing questionnaire forms to research respondents to obtain the necessary data. This study allows readers to understand the importance of acquiring foreign language skills in socio-economic development in Sabah.

DOUBLE SHACKLES AND WOMEN'S BREAKTHROUGH: A CRITICAL STUDY OF PATRIARCHY IN "LAND OF LOST SOULS" UNDER FOUCAULT'S DISCIPLINARY THEORY

Wang Qian Qian , Tuan Rusmawati Raja Hassan — Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This paper takes the novel " Land of Lost Souls " by Malaysian writer Li Zishu as the research object, and combines Michel Foucault's disciplinary power theory with feminist perspectives to analyze the dual oppression of women by patriarchy and social ethics and their resistance mechanisms. Through close reading of the text and critical discourse analysis, the study reveals how explicit violence and implicit discipline in the novel conspire to act on women's bodies and identities, especially focusing on the dual marginalization of gender and disability faced by characters such as the blind girl Yinxia in the family, workplace and public sphere. The paper further explores the hidden resistance of women through deviant practices such as silence, illness, and madness, and its potential subversive significance to the power structure. This study provides an interdisciplinary analytical path for the study of Malaysian Chinese literature, and reveals the dynamics of oppression and resistance at the intersection of gender and ability from the perspective of the global South, which is enlightening for understanding the operation of structural power and the construction of subjectivity of marginalized groups.

LEGAL REVIEW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION REGARDING INFORMATION CROWDSOURCING ON THE GETCONTACT APPLICATION IN INDONESIA

Afif Syafiuddin — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Information crowdsourcing is a method of gathering information from a large number of individuals who contribute voluntarily, often through digital platforms. One application that utilizes information crowdsourcing is Getcontact, which allows users to find out information about the owner of a phone number based on data contributions from other users. However, the use of information crowdsourcing in this application raises various legal issues, especially related to consumer protection and personal data privacy. This research aims to examine the application of crowdsourcing in the Getcontact application from the perspective of consumer protection law in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach and analysis of related regulations. The results of the study indicate that the information crowdsourcing mechanism in Getcontact has the potential to violate consumer rights to the confidentiality of personal data as regulated in the Republic of Indonesia Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions as amended by Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning 1 Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions 2 and Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Information Technology Number 20 of 2016 concerning Protection of Personal 3 Data in Electronic Systems. 4 Firm action is needed from the government, especially the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, to supervise and enforce the law to protect consumers from potential misuse of personal data.

POLITICAL POSTERS, MEMES, AND MOVEMENTS: GRAPHIC DESIGN IN THE ERA OF SOCIAL MEDIA

Nazirul Mubin Awang Besar, Nizar Nazrin, Farah Merican Isahak Merican — Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

In the era of digital communication, graphic design has emerged as a vital tool for influencing political narratives, mobilising communities, and constructing collective identities. This study aims to examine the role of political posters, memes, and infographics as persuasive instruments within social media ecosystems. The objectives are (i) to analyse the influence of visual design on political mobilisation, (ii) to investigate how memes and digital graphics shape political identity, and (iii) to evaluate the ethical concerns related to visual propaganda. A qualitative content analysis was employed, drawing on secondary data from case studies of Malaysian political campaigns such as #Undi18, #Lawan, and #BenderaPutih. Data sources included published articles, social media archives, and government reports, which were thematically coded using media semiotics and visual culture frameworks. Findings reveal that visual communication significantly enhances political branding and mobilisation, but also poses risks of oversimplification and misinformation. The study underscores the necessity of visual literacy and ethical accountability in political design.

UNLOCKING INSIGHTS: CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF THE ASNAF COMMUNITY IN PERLIS USING A HYBRID CLUSTERING MODEL

Rabiah Abdul Kadir, Ummul Hanan Mohamad, Mohamad Syahmi Shahril — Wed, 13 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The main goal of the country is to eradicate poverty and make the lives of Muslims more prosperous. The Perlis Islamic Religious Council and Malay Customs Council (MAIPs) have always been committed to channeling assistance to the asnaf group since 2013 through the Kayuhan MAIPs Peduli program. The distribution of assistance to eligible groups has been carried out through 704 programs led by Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Jamalullail. In determining the groups eligible to receive zakat, the zakat department will use the method of calculating and measuring the had kifayah. However, in determining the target among the selected asnaf, the support of digital technology that is growing rapidly today is still needed. With the support of digital technology that is capable of carrying out cluster analysis, the management of selecting and grouping these asnaf groups will be easy and effective for MAIPs in making decisions on assistance to target groups among the asnaf. This project conducts research and development of analytics dashboards that focus on grouping asnaf groups eligible to receive zakat, such as Fakir, Miskin, Amil, Muallaf, Al-Riqab, Al-Gharimin, Fisabilillah, and Ibnu Sabil. The analytics dashboards will be developed with artificial intelligence (AI) digital technology using a classification algorithm, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), which is based on machine learning. This project involves five (5) phases of research and development, namely: (i) identifying features of asnaf groups for analysis purposes; (ii) designing a prototype based on machine learning; (iii) developing applications using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm; (iv) testing applications on a dataset of asnaf groups in Perlis; and (v) deploying applications to MAIPs to target assistance categories to selected asnaf groups. The results of this project are expected to increase the impact and services of the Kayuhan MAIPs Peduli program, which is one of the strengths of MAIPs in helping target groups among asnaf in Perlis. The developed analytics dashboard application also expands the reach and accessibility of services to other stakeholders in fostering innovation and collaboration in the same sector in Malaysia.

MASTERCLASS ON DIABETES IN PREGNANCY – ‘NAVIGATING THE CURVES’

Thu, 11 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction. The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Malaysia is increasing exponentially, particularly in the younger, childbearing population. Notably, the rapid increase in the number of cases with diabetes in pregnancy in recent years has added tremendous burden to healthcare costs. DM in pregnancy has risks to both the mother and neonate, leading to intergenerational health concerns. This program aimed to disseminate information regarding the burden and approach to DM in pregnancy, as well as to educate healthcare providers to manage the condition in a comprehensive manner. Method. This diabetes in pregnancy masterclass was targeted for healthcare-workers at all levels, from students and nurses to medical-officers and specialists. This novel program focused on a multidisciplinary approach, bringing together healthcare-practitioners from varying intersected specialties; namely endocrinology, obstetrics-&-gynaecology(O&G), paediatrics and primary-care. Results. This innovative program attracted 58 participants from various specialties and diverse training levels. Program structure: This masterclass highlighted the burden of DM in pregnancy, with focus on diagnosing this condition at different healthcare levels, delivered by endocrinologists. This was followed by an O&G session on management during pregnancy, and subsequently a comprehensive approach to neonatal handling by a paediatrician. The second part of this masterclass focused on specialized management of DM in pregnancy, encompassing treatment and monitoring. A special feature of this masterclass was then conducted, with a panel discussion on challenging clinical cases, with active involvement from the participants. Conclusion. This innovative and engaging program was designed to emphasize on the need for a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach in the management of diabetes in pregnancy. It is crucial for healthcare workers from all levels of hierarchy to work together and understand their contribution in successful management of this condition. This novel masterclass has realized this goal, and has great potential for integration into primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare systems.

THE MATRYOSHKA OF HEALTHCARE FACILITIES: A LEGAL ANALYSIS ON ESTABLISHING LAYERED PRIVATE HEALTHCARE FACILITIES IN MALAYSIA

Nur Liyana Hanapi — Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This manuscript evaluates whether Malaysia should permit layered private healthcare facilities—licensed hosts that co‑locate third‑party providers—and specifies the legal and governance pre‑conditions for safe adoption. Drawing on Act 586 and the 2006 Regulations, recent Malaysian jurisprudence on non‑delegable duties, and comparative oversight models from the United States (CMS[1]), Singapore (HCSA[2]), and England (CQC[3]), the analysis reaches a consistent conclusion: shared premises do not dilute accountability. The paper reframes the problem through a single research question—under what auditable safeguards, if any, should Malaysia license layered facilities—and advances four guardrail domains: (i) independent compliance proven by each co‑located entity; (ii) transparent patient attribution and ethical advertising; (iii) conflict‑of‑interest management; and (iv) disciplined information governance. The manuscript adds a compliance checklist that links each guardrail to statutory or comparative authority, a standard co‑location term sheet, a patient‑facing attribution map, a role‑based data‑access matrix, and a short compliance vignette. The conclusion is practical: approve layering only where legal, physical, and operational separations are demonstrable ex ante; otherwise, refuse licensing to avoid risk transfer to patients and regulatory opacity.

[1] Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)

[2] Healthcare Services Act (HCSA) by the Ministry of Health Singapore

[3] Care Quality Commission (CQC)

REKAYASA DAKWAH TERHADAP MASYARAKAT SUKU KAUM MURUT DI SABAH: SATU ANALISIS

Thu, 28 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Rekayasa dakwah merupakan satu pendekatan strategik dalam pelaksanaan dakwah yang perlu disesuaikan dengan latar belakang dan keperluan golongan sasaran. Ketidaktepatan dalam memilih kaedah dakwah berpotensi membawa kepada kegagalan penyampaian mesej Islam. Pada masa kini, walaupun pelbagai aktiviti dakwah telah dilaksanakan, usaha-usaha tersebut masih belum berjaya membuka pintu hati segelintir masyarakat, sekali gus menunjukkan persiapan pendakwah yang belum sepenuhnya holistik. Justeru, kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti bentuk rekayasa dakwah yang sesuai bagi masyarakat suku kaum Murut di Sabah. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan kaedah temu bual, pemerhatian penyertaan, dan analisis kandungan berdasarkan kajian terdahulu, yang kemudian dianalisis secara tematik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pendekatan dakwah yang efektif bagi masyarakat Murut merangkumi pembinaan hubungan sosial, pemahaman psikologi komuniti, komunikasi berkesan, pendekatan tidak konfrontatif terhadap isu agama, serta penyediaan infrastruktur asas. Kajian ini turut mengenal pasti tujuh cabaran utama dalam pelaksanaan dakwah kepada kaum Murut, iaitu pengaruh maklumat dalam talian, pengurusan dakwah yang lemah, latar belakang pendakwah, kekangan kewangan, pengaruh budaya Barat, sikap masyarakat setempat, dan tahap komitmen pendakwah. Berdasarkan dapatan ini, rekayasa dakwah yang bersesuaian telah menunjukkan hasil positif dalam meningkatkan minat masyarakat Murut terhadap Islam.

Da’wah engineering refers to a strategic approach in Islamic preaching that must align with the cultural context and needs of its target audience. A mismatch between da’wah methods and the characteristics of a particular community can lead to ineffective outreach. Despite the various da’wah activities conducted today, many efforts have yet to succeed in touching the hearts of the intended recipients, indicating that some preachers may not be fully prepared to deliver the message of Islam effectively. This study aims to explore suitable da’wah strategies for the Murut ethnic community in Sabah. Employing a qualitative research approach, data collected through interviews, participant observation, and a review of previous studies, and were analyses thematically. The findings reveal that effective da’wah among the Murut people involves building social relationships, understanding their psychological makeup, employing effective communication, avoiding overly confrontational religious debates, and ensuring basic infrastructure support. The study also identified seven major challenges in implementing da’wah among the Murut: the influence of online information, weak da’wah management, the background of the preachers, financial constraints, Western cultural influences, community attitudes, and the commitment level of da’wah practitioners. Based on these findings, contextually appropriate da’wah strategies have shown promising results in fostering the Murut community’s interest in embracing Islam.

AN ANALYSIS OF IDENTIFICATION IN MALAYSIAN PARLIAMENTARY DISCOURSE ON LANGUAGE POLICY

Nazira Osman — Thu, 18 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Language policy is important in mobilizing citizens for a certain language requirement. As the field is very contentious in nature, a language policy in any country is not free from debates and critiques. It is often associated with many intermediating factors like hegemony, language rights, mother-tongue education, imperialism, globalization, etc. In fact, it is very political. This study examined the Malaysian Parliamentarians’ (MPs) discursive statements on a debatable language issue: the use of English in the teaching and learning of Science and Mathematics. 10-year debate transcripts (hansards) that consist of speeches of the government-alliance MPs were analysed to see how they positioned themselves and the policy at the parliamentary level. Adopting a sign-based approach, this research investigates the use of linguistic features of identification in a large pool of data collected from verbatim written transcripts of the Malaysian parliament Dewan Rakyat, which were available online. Results of the study indicated that throughout the debate, whether at the point of supporting or rejecting the implementation of the policy, the MPs used selected identification features to maintain power, clarity, and confidence level, which indirectly gave the picture that they were responsible, credible, and concerned with the citizens’ needs, especially when at the end the government reverted to using mother tongue as the medium of instruction for the two subjects in Malaysian schools. The study is theoretically significant in revealing a critical approach towards language policy in a multilingual country.

BIBLIOMETRIC MAPPING OF HALAL CERTIFICATION AND COMPLIANCE STANDARDS

Tue, 12 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis titled “Bibliometric Mapping of Halal Certification and Compliance Standards,” aiming to explore the intellectual landscape and thematic evolution of research in this rapidly growing field. Despite the increasing global demand for Halal-certified products, scholarly understanding of publication trends, dominant themes, and research gaps remains fragmented. To address this issue, the study systematically investigates the literature using the keywords Halal, Halal certification, Halal compliance, and Halal standards through the Scopus database. The dataset was refined using OpenRefine to ensure accuracy and consistency, and then further analyzed using VOSviewer to generate keyword co-occurrence maps and visualize research trends. A total of 1,224 relevant publications from 2000 to 2025 were retrieved and analyzed. The findings reveal a significant surge in publications from 2015 onwards, with Malaysia and Indonesia emerging as leading contributors, reflecting their strong institutional roles in Halal governance. Highly cited works emphasize consumer behavior, supply chain integrity, and the application of behavioral theories, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Key themes identified include Halal tourism, certification logistics, religiosity, purchase intention, and technological innovations such as blockchain and traceability systems. The analysis also highlights persistent challenges, including the lack of unified global standards, complex certification processes, and the need for stronger stakeholder collaboration and education. This study provides a valuable reference for academics, policymakers, and industry stakeholders, providing a clearer understanding of the current research structure and future directions in Halal certification and compliance.

PASSENGERS’ SAFETY IN E-HAILING SERVICES: LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF PLATFORMS FOR DRIVERS’ NEGLIGENCE

Hanis Wahed — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The rapid expansion of Malaysia’s e-hailing sector, dominated by platforms such as Grab and Uber, has intensified legal debates surrounding accountability for drivers’ negligence and passengers’ safety. While these platforms provide essential transportation services, incidents involving drivers’ negligence often leave passengers struggling to seek redress against the platforms. The reason is because e-hailing platforms are not vicariously liable for their drivers’ negligence. Therefore, this article investigates the legal accountability of the platforms in cases involving drivers’ negligence, by focusing on the law of vicarious liability and the law in the Consumer Protection Act 1999 (CPA 1999) to assess whether these existing laws adequately protect passengers. Using a doctrinal legal research methodology, this study analyzes statutory provisions, case law, and comparative jurisdictions in the United Kingdom (UK) and New Zealand to evaluate the applicability of vicarious liability in negligence claims against e-hailing platforms. Findings indicate that Malaysia’s current legal system lacks clarity of the issue due to lack of laws that specifically highlighting the matter. The article argues that legislative reforms are urgently needed to redefine e-hailing platforms’ liability and to have a clear law on passengers’ protection. Proposed solutions include amending the Employment Act 1955 and the Consumer Protection Act to explicitly cover e-hailing services. By closing this gap, Malaysia can better balance the e-hailing industry growth with equitable protections for passengers.

DEALING WITH JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: THE RELEVANCE OF ICELANDIC PREVENTION MODEL TO MALAYSIA

Muhammad Izwan Ikhsan, Daleleer Kaur Randawar, Akbar Kamarudin @ Abdul Shukor — Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Juvenile delinquency is a growing concern in Malaysia. Previous studies indicate that reactive and punitive approach to address the issue has proven insufficient in addressing the root causes of child offending. This study explores the potential relevance of the Icelandic Prevention Model (IPM); an internationally acclaimed community-based approach to deal with juvenile delinquency. This study analyses the gaps in Malaysia’s current legislative approach to at-risk children and assesses the feasibility of adapting key components of the IPM into the Malaysian legal framework. This study employs a doctrinal research methodology by analysing statutory provisions and judicial interpretations as well as scholarly works written on the subject. It is supported by comparative analysis of the Icelandic and Malaysian laws on juvenile delinquency. Findings reveal that the success of IPM does not stem merely from imposing child’s curfews, but from incorporating them within a broader legal and social ecosystem, featuring youth activity regulations, parental accountability, school involvement, and municipal coordination. The study concludes that while cultural and systemic differences exist, adapting key aspects of the IPM could provide a viable pathway for Malaysia to improve its juvenile justice system and reduce delinquency rates.

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN MOSQUE TOUR RESEARCH: A BIBLIOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE

Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This study presents a bibliometric analysis of research trends related to mosque tours, aiming to identify key developments and landscape evolving around this niche within religious and tourism studies. The investigation was driven by a systematic literature search utilizing two primary keywords: “mosque” and “tour,” within the Scopus database, resulting in an initial pool of articles. After applying rigorous screening and data cleaning processes with OpenRefine, a total of 83 relevant publications from 2004 to 2025 were selected for detailed analysis. The methodology employed involved the use of Scopus’s analytical tools, OpenRefine for data refinement, and VOSviewer software to perform network visualization, clustering, and density mapping of bibliometric data. Results indicate a growing body of scholarly work focusing on mosque tourism, with prominent clusters around visitor experiences, cultural interactions, and heritage preservation. The analysis reveals a steady increase in publications over the years, with notable peaks in recent periods, highlighting the increasing importance of religious tourism in global travel behaviour. Keyword co-occurrence and co-authorship networks underline the key contributors and thematic focuses within this field. The study underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in understanding the dynamics of mosque tourism and provides a comprehensive overview of research trajectories and gaps. In conclusion, the findings contribute valuable insights for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers interested in religious tourism development, cultural exchange, and heritage management, emphasizing the need for further investigation into visitor motivations, cultural implications, and sustainable tourism practices related to mosque visits.

PENGALAMAN NGO IKRAM DALAM PEMBANGUNAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI MALAYSIA: KAJIAN KONSEPTUAL

Mohd Hazize Mat Hanapi, Habibah @ Artini Ramlie — Thu, 18 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pendekatan pendidikan yang dibawa oleh IKRAM Malaysia melalui analisis kandungan dokumen utama, penulisan watak dan laporan program pendidikan dari tahun 2020 hingga 2023. Lima tema utama telah dikenal pasti melalui analisis sepuluh sumber utama. Pertama, pendidikan IKRAM berteraskan konsep pendidikan Islam holistik yang menggabungkan aspek intelek, rohani, emosi dan sosial. Kedua, peranan guru dilihat bukan hanya sebagai pendidik, tetapi sebagai murabbi dan pemimpin nilai yang berperanan membentuk legitimasi pelajar. Ketiga, pendidikan dijadikan sebagai instrumen dakwah dan islah sosial melalui program kemasyarakatan khususnya dalam kalangan masyarakat B40. Keempat, sejak 2022, akan wujud integrasi nilai-nilai Madani seperti belas kasihan, hormat-menghormati dan amanah dalam kerangka pendidikan IKRAM, selaras dengan keperluan semasa masyarakat Malaysia. Kelima, pasca-pandemik menyaksikan peralihan dalam strategi ke arah pendidikan digital dan hibrid yang lebih fleksibel dan mampan. Kajian ini merumuskan bahawa pendekatan pendidikan IKRAM adalah dinamik, responsif dan berasaskan nilai, menjadikannya model pendidikan Islam kontemporari yang holistik dan relevan dengan kehendak zaman.

This study aims to analyze the educational approach brought by IKRAM Malaysia through content analysis of key documents, character writing and education program reports from 2020 to 2023. Five main themes have been identified through an analysis of ten main sources. First, IKRAM education is based on the concept of holistic Islamic education that combines intellectual, spiritual, emotional and social aspects. Second, the role of teachers is seen not only as educators, but as murabbi and value leaders who play a role in shaping student legitimacy. Third, education is used as an instrument of da'wah and social reform through community programs, especially among the B40 community. Fourth, since 2022, there will be an integration of Madani values such as compassion, respect and trust within the IKRAM education framework, in line with the current needs of Malaysian society. Fifth, the post-pandemic has seen a shift in strategy towards more flexible and sustainable digital and hybrid education. This study concludes that IKRAM's educational approach is dynamic, responsive and value-based, making it a contemporary Islamic education model that is holistic and relevant to the needs of the times. Keywords: IKRAM Education, Islamic Education, Murabbi Teacher, Madani Values, Holistic Education, Post-Pandemic.

DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR HAD KIFAYAH IN ZAKAT DISTRIBUTION AMONG ASNAF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN PERLIS: A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) PERSPECTIVE

Fathinah Ismail, Noor Saidatul Natrah Saaidun, Hanis Hazwani Ahmad — Tue, 05 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This study investigates the determination of Had Kifayah parameters for effective Zakat distribution among Asnaf undergraduate students in Perlis, aligning it with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A mixed-methods approach is employed, beginning with qualitative analysis to identify 13 of 17 relevant SDG targets reflected in existing Zakat practices. A Likert scale questionnaire is developed and distributed to Asnaf students across five institutions. Quantitative data is analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), including descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, and multiple linear regression to assess each SDG’s reliability, significance, and influence on Zakat distribution outcomes. Additionally, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is conducted to uncover underlying factors affecting Zakat distribution. The results confirm strong alignment with key SDGs, notably SDG 1, SDG 3, SDG 4, SDG 8, and SDG 10. The study concludes by proposing a targeted, SDG-aligned Had Kifayah parameter for Zakat distribution, developed through the integration of qualitative insights and quantitative evidence, aimed at enhancing the relevance, equity, and impact of Zakat support for Asnaf students in higher education.

JURISDICTIONAL AND CHOICE OF LAW ISSUES FOR E-COMMERCE IN MALAYSIA

Robiaaton Adawiyah Safri, Ani Munirah Mohamad — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

In Malaysia, there has been a significant emergence of e-commerce in recent years. Malaysia is one of the countries that is promoting the e-commerce industry in full. However, the consumers had also been wary and cautioned on the legal issues that may be arising from e-commerce transactions. The fear of being defrauded and jumping into a state of litigation on the subject matter arising from the online transaction are among the perceived risks that are contemplated by the consumers. Therefore, this research investigated what are the jurisdictional and choice of law issues involving e-commerce disputes in Malaysia? The socio-legal approach has been used which involves the collection of primary and secondary data. The study found the jurisdictional and choice of law issues that arose from e-commerce transactions. In addition, the study also found out that the current legal framework that governs e-commerce transactions in Malaysia does not specifically govern for the jurisdictional and choice of law issues. This will create a perceived risk for consumers engaging in e-commerce transactions in which the consumers involved in e-commerce should receive the same legal protection as those in traditional markets. Although there have been few strategies and steps taken by the government to provide awareness and warn to the consumers in transacting online, it does not cover them in full. Thus, this study is significant as it revealed the legal issues specifically in jurisdictional and choice of law issues that should also be looked into to avoid any dispute in e-commerce transactions. The legal framework on these issues also needs to be looked into as there are still many loop holes to be filled and few amendments are suggested to improve on it.

A BIBLIOMETRIC AND VISUAL ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH ON DUAL-QUALIFIED TEACHERS IN CHINESE HIGHER VOCATIONAL EDUCATION USING CITESPACE (2015–2025)

Yuanyuan Wang , Yun Fah Chang , Halim Shukri Kamaruddin — Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This study conducts a bibliometric and visual analysis of research on dual-qualified teachers in Chinese higher vocational education from 2015 to 2025, aiming to uncover theoretical foundations, development trends, and competency-performance linkages. In the field of medical and health-related vocational education, the demand for dual-qualified teachers—those who combine theoretical knowledge with practical industry experience—is especially pressing. However, existing research remains fragmented, lacks performance-based evaluation frameworks, and does not fully address the specific demands of the healthcare sector. Given the localized institutional background of dual-qualified teachers in China, this study analyses literature published between 2015 and 2025 using the CNKI database. CiteSpace 6.3.R1 was employed to visualize knowledge structures through keyword co-occurrence, author collaboration networks, institutional mapping, and thematic evolution. Classical competency frameworks such as the Iceberg Model and the Onion Model are integrated with performance theories including Expectancy Theory, Social Comparison Theory, and Goal-Setting Theory to develop an analytical framework tailored to the specific demands of the research context. The findings reveal five core competency dimensions: t knowledge, skills, professional ethics, personal traits, and motivation. These are aligned with two performance dimensions—outcome-based (teaching quality, research, enterprise practice) and conduct-based (professional ethics). Three key trends are identified: (1) growing alignment between competency standards and performance metrics since 2020, driven by national policy reforms; (2) fragmented author networks reflecting limited academic consolidation; and (3) concentration of research within provincial-level institutions, with limited cross-regional collaboration. By combining bibliometric analysis with theoretical synthesis, this study not only highlights the intellectual trajectory of dual-qualified teacher research in China but also proposes a comprehensive, performance-linked competency framework. The results offer theoretical foundations and practical implications for competency assessment, policy development, and teacher training in the context of medical vocational education.

UNDERSTANDING FOOD SECURITY THROUGH THE LENS OF ISLAMIC FRAMEWORK: A RESEARCH TREND REVIEW

Ahmad Syihan Ismail, Siti Nur Hazirah Hamid, Yusuf Marlon Abdullah — Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Food security has become an increasingly urgent global issue, particularly when viewed through the multifaceted lens of policy and ethical frameworks such as Islam. Despite the vast body of literature addressing food-related challenges, there remains a significant gap in understanding how Islamic principles intersect with food security discourse. This study aims to explore the research trends and scholarly contributions to the field of food security from an Islamic framework perspective. Using a bibliometric approach, we employed Scopus as the primary database and applied an advanced search strategy incorporating the keywords “food,” “security,” and “policy.” The inclusion criteria were limited to peer-reviewed journal articles in English, published between 2009 and 2025. Data cleaning and refinement were conducted using OpenRefine, while trend visualization, co-authorship networks, and keyword co-occurrence analyses were carried out using Scopus Analyzer and VOSviewer software. A total of 886 relevant publications were retrieved and analyzed. The findings indicate a growing scholarly interest in food security topics, with prominent contributions from countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Key themes identified include agricultural policy, sustainability, climate change, and nutrition, while co-authorship analysis revealed strong international collaborations in this field. Despite the dominance of Western-centric perspectives, there is an emerging body of literature that aligns food security discourse with Islamic values such as justice, equity, and stewardship. This bibliometric review not only maps the existing knowledge landscape but also highlights the potential for integrating Islamic ethical constructs into food security policy discussions. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for more interdisciplinary and faith-based approaches in future research to address both global challenges and cultural contextual solutions.

REDEFINING OWNERSHIP: DIGITAL ASSETS, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

Siti Khadijah Abdullah Sanek, Irma Kamarudin, Arina Kamarudin — Thu, 11 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This article examines the evolving relationship between digital assets, intellectual property (IP), and emerging technologies, with a particular focus on legal implications under European Union (EU) law. Innovations such as digital assets, such as cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and artificial intelligence (AI) generated works, are reshaping concepts of ownership and intellectual property (IP). The article adopts a threefold methodological approach. To assess the adequacy of current legal frameworks, a systematic review highlights key limitations in applying traditional property law to intangible assets like cryptocurrencies and NFTs. The second element analyses the effects of emerging technologies on IP rights and regulatory compliance through an interdisciplinary synthesis of recent research. Lastly, a comparative legal analysis draws on EU and international case studies to identify regulatory gaps and propose policy responses. The findings suggest that while digital assets promote innovation, their decentralised and intangible nature poses challenges to core legal concepts such as exclusivity, attribution, and enforceability. Despite progress in EU digital regulation, inconsistencies persist across jurisdictions. The article concludes that a more harmonised legal framework supported by clearer definitions, the integration of smart contracts, and effective cross-border dispute mechanisms is necessary to ensure that IP law remains effective in the digital economy.

PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF COVID-19 VACCINE EFFECTIVENESS IN MALAYSIA: A SCOPING REVIEW

Thu, 04 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This scoping review explores the public perception of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in Malaysia, a topic crucial to improving vaccine uptake in a diverse sociocultural setting. The study aims to identify key influencing factors, thematic patterns, and research gaps related to vaccine acceptance. Guided by PRISMA-ScR methodology, a systematic literature search was conducted using Scopus, PubMed, MyJurnal, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2020 and February 2024. Fifteen relevant articles were selected based on inclusion criteria focusing on Malaysian populations. Thematic analysis revealed five dominant themes: sociodemographic determinants, misinformation, trust in institutions, health literacy, and cultural-religious influences. Findings suggest that vaccine confidence is higher among younger, urban, and educated individuals, while hesitancy persists among older adults, rural populations, and those with low health literacy or religious concerns. Social media plays a dual role as both an information source and a misinformation channel. The study underscores the need for transparent, culturally sensitive communication strategies and emphasizes the involvement of trusted figures such as healthcare providers and religious leaders. This review contributes to public health discourse by highlighting actionable insights for policy-making, communication planning, and future empirical research on vaccine confidence in Malaysia.

CONNECTING THE LEGAL GAP: ALIGNING THE NATIONAL LAND CODE 2020 WITH CURRENT TENANCY REALITIES

Najah Inani Abdul Jalil, Muhammad Hibatul Wafi Abdul Jalil — Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

In Malaysia, the administration of tenancy is based on the Torrens system and various acts such as the National Land Code 2020, the Contracts Act 1950, Distress Act 1950, and Specific Relief Act 1950. Recently, there has been a growing demand for specific regulations on various tenancies due to societal changes. Managing landlord and tenant relations is challenging, especially in the absence of specific laws and institutions to implement and enforce these regulations. The problem lies in the application of current tenancy laws, which require specific attention regarding the endorsement of tenancy, the application of equitable principles, and the recognition of oral tenancy. One challenge is the broad application of tenancy laws across various contexts, such as agricultural, commercial, and residential tenancies. This paper examines the current tenancy provisions in the National Land Code 2020, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, particularly in matters such as the endorsement of tenancy, the application of equitable principles, and the recognition of oral tenancy. The study is based on library research, analysing statutory provisions, court decisions and journal articles to identify the gaps in the National Land Code 2020 within the context of tenancy. The aim of the study is to assists policymakers in addressing the insufficiencies in the existing law on tenancy. It is found that although the National Land Code 2020 outlines provisions for tenancy, it lacks a comprehensive framework for modern tenancy, resulting in unclear obligations between landlord and tenant, and insufficiency in dispute resolutions mechanism. This study will contribute to the broader body of knowledge on tenancy and property law governance.

MALAY WOMEN IN HISTORICAL STUDIES: A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW

Nor Aisyah Ahmad, Zuliana Zubir, Afifah Zainal Abidin — Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This study presents a bibliometric analysis examining global research trends on Malay women in historical studies from 2000 to 2025. Addressing the limited mapping of scholarly output in this area, the analysis focuses on identifying publication patterns, subject distributions, influential authors, dominant keywords, and international collaboration networks. Using the keywords "Malay," "women," and "historical studies," data collection was conducted through the Scopus database. The search process applied strict inclusion criteria, targeting peer-reviewed journal articles in English within the Social Sciences and Arts and Humanities subject areas. After refining the dataset with OpenRefine software and visualizing relationships using VOSviewer, a total of 834 relevant documents were analyzed. The Scopus Analyzer tool further facilitated the identification of publication trends across the selected timeframe. Results indicate a steady increase in research output over the years, with a significant surge beginning in 2018 and peaking in 2023. The United States and the United Kingdom emerged as the leading contributors, while Malaysia showed gradual progress in domestic research participation. Subject area analysis revealed a dominant focus on Social Sciences and Arts and Humanities, accounting for more than 93% of total publications. Keyword co-occurrence mapping highlighted themes such as gender, feminism, womanhood, and identity, reflecting growing academic interest in intersectionality and postcolonial perspectives. Co-authorship analysis showed strong international collaborations, particularly among Western countries and Southeast Asian regions. Despite the increasing volume of research, limitations exist, especially concerning the reliance on a single database and the exclusion of non-English publications. These findings provide a comprehensive overview of the scholarly landscape and highlight the need for more diversified and locally-driven research on Malay women in historical contexts. The study demonstrates the relevance of bibliometric methods in tracking research development and offers a foundational reference for future investigations in this field.

WOMEN’S WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION IN KIM JIYOUNG: BORN IN 1982 NOVEL

Wan Hanis Iffah Wan Adlan, Nazira Osman — Thu, 11 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The presence of women in the workforce does not automatically liken to equal treatment or opportunities, as deep-seated biases and discriminatory practices continued to hinder equality. Women voices and other marginalised groups, such as people of colour and disabled people are often being overlooked as they struggle in professional settings to gain social justice and equality. Thus, it is pertinent to raise awareness about gender inequality, power dynamics, and women’s experiences in organisational workplaces. Using Kim Jiyoung: Born 1982 by Cho Nam-Joo, a novel that has received international recognition for its close depiction of women's daily struggles in South Korea, the study examined gender oppression, demonstrating how cultural expectations and institutional practices restrict opportunities for women and support gender inequalities. The purpose of the study is to examine women’s discriminations experienced by the main character, Kim Jiyoung, and other women in the novel and highlighting the urgency of examining the issue through a scholarly lens to address the gender differences that persists in present professional environments. A content analysis was applied to comprehensively explore the gender discrimination themes in the novel. The finding revealed that women discriminations at workplace were illustrated in ten (10) themes based on key feminist principles. The study indicated that workplace policies and cultures often fail to support women, particularly those balancing professional and caregiving responsibilities. The study called for implementation of gender-inclusive policies, such as flexible work arrangements, equitable pay structures, and mentorship programs, to create a more supportive and equitable work environment.

ISLAMIC CREDIT CARD: RECENT DEVELOPMENT FROM A SHARIAH PERSPECTIVE

Mirzan Mohideen Bathusha, Mohamad Yazid Isa — Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Islamic Credit Card (ICC) have emerged as a highly preferred payment method among consumers, primarily due to its foundational principles that aim to avoid prohibited elements under shariah. However, despite their growing popularity, ICC is not without challenges. The contractual structures underpinning the product has raised concerns regarding its compatibility with shariah principles. In particular, both tawarruq-based and ujrah-based ICC models are fraught with multiple issues, warranting a thorough and rigorous review by relevant stakeholders. This study employed qualitative research design through which case study is analysed using content analysis related to policy documents, issuers’ fine prints, articles and journals to fully understand the concept of tawarruq and ujrah as an underlying contract for the ICC. The tawarruq-based and ujrah-based ICC structures appear to conflict with core shariah principles, thereby necessitating regulatory intervention for potential enhancement and restructuring. However, this study is limited by the absence of formal endorsement and approval from SAC of BNM, shariah committees and advisors, which constrains a comprehensive articulation of both ICC underlying applications. Therefore, future research should seek direct interpretation and guidance from the aforesaid experts to ensure greater clarity and alignment with shariah compliance.

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN DAN KEPUASAN MYTV DALAM KALANGAN PENGGUNA DI WILAYAH UTARA MALAYSIA

Norhayati Mohamad Hussain, Mohd Khairie Ahmad, S. Maartandan Suppiah — Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penggunaan dan tahap kepuasan pengguna MYTV di Wilayah Utara Semenanjung Malaysia, meliputi negeri Kedah, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, dan Perak. Pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan melalui soal selidik yang melibatkan 393 responden untuk mengenal pasti faktor-faktor utama yang mendorong pemilihan MYTV serta kepuasan pengguna terhadap platform tersebut. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa majoriti responden menggunakan set dekoder MYTV untuk mengakses siaran percuma (FTA), mencerminkan populariti penyiaran tradisional di kawasan ini. Kandungan tempatan yang mencerminkan budaya dan identiti wilayah merupakan faktor utama yang dihargai, dengan responden melaporkan tahap kepuasan yang tinggi terhadap kandungan MYTV. Selain itu, waktu tontonan puncak bagi kebanyakan responden adalah pada waktu malam, dengan 76.1% menyatakan waktu tersebut sebagai masa utama mereka menonton. Walaupun pengguna berpuas hati dengan kandungan yang ditawarkan, terdapat ruang untuk penambahbaikan dalam variasi kandungan dan estetika persembahan. Kepelbagaian program yang lebih luas dan peningkatan kualiti visual serta audio dapat meningkatkan pengalaman tontonan pengguna. Kajian juga mencadangkan agar MYTV mengadaptasi strategi penyiaran untuk menarik generasi penonton yang lebih muda dengan mengintegrasikan elemen digital dan interaktif. Secara keseluruhannya, kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa MYTV masih relevan sebagai platform penyiaran, terutamanya dalam memenuhi keperluan pengguna di Wilayah Utara Malaysia. Untuk kekal kompetitif, MYTV disarankan untuk terus memberi tumpuan kepada pembangunan kandungan tempatan yang berkualiti, meningkatkan estetika persembahan, dan memanfaatkan teknologi digital dalam strategi penyiarannya. Dapatan kajian ini memberikan pandangan penting untuk meningkatkan daya saing dan daya tarikan MYTV dalam landskap penyiaran moden.

This study aims to analyze the usage and satisfaction levels of MYTV users in the Northern Region of Peninsular Malaysia, covering the states of Kedah, Perlis, Penang, and Perak. A quantitative approach was employed using a survey involving 393 respondents to identify the key factors influencing the choice of MYTV and user satisfaction with the platform. The findings reveal that the majority of respondents use MYTV decoder sets to access free-to-air (FTA) broadcasts, highlighting the popularity of traditional broadcasting methods in the region. Local content reflecting regional culture and identity is a key factor appreciated by users, with respondents reporting high satisfaction levels with MYTV's programming. Furthermore, the peak viewing time for most respondents is during the night, with 76.1% identifying this period as their primary viewing time. While users expressed satisfaction with the content offered, there is room for improvement in terms of content variety and aesthetic quality. A broader range of programming and enhanced visual and audio quality could further enrich the viewing experience. The study also suggests that MYTV adapt its broadcasting strategies to attract younger audiences by integrating digital and interactive elements. Overall, this study demonstrates that MYTV remains relevant as a broadcasting platform, particularly in meeting the needs of users in Northern Malaysia. To remain competitive, MYTV is recommended to focus on developing high-quality local content, improving aesthetic presentation, and leveraging digital technology in its broadcasting strategies. These findings provide valuable insights into enhancing MYTV’s competitiveness and appeal in the modern broadcasting landscape.

ADVOCATING THE IMPORTANCE OF MALAY FARMERS’ AND FISHERMEN’S ASTRONOMICAL KNOWLEDGE AGAINST THE LIGHT POLLUTION OF MEGA-CONSTELLATION SATELLITES THROUGH HERITAGE DIPLOMACY

Marina Abdul Majid — Thu, 18 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Farmers and fishermen in Malaysia traditionally rely on their astronomical knowledge to signify seasons for paddy planting, navigation and choices of fish caught. This knowledge, though, has eroded over time. The installation of mega-constellation satellites by overseas companies brightens the night sky, preventing farmers and fishermen from detecting the stars to guide them. This study’s main objective emphasises the relevance of heritage diplomacy in advocating the importance of Malay farmers’ and fishermen’s astronomical knowledge through relevant initiatives by international and regional organisations to ensure that this legacy lives on for future generations. This is a qualitative study with a socio-legal approach. A textual analysis using interpretivism to interpret provisions among relevant international agreements and reference to non-binding documents that can protect astronomical knowledge and include the participation of farmers and fishermen was conducted. Secondary sources and visits to social media websites and blogs were also conducted and analysed through a content analysis. The result shows that Malaysia can use its foreign embassies to canvas for support for Articles 2 (1), 2 (2) and 2 (3) in the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Articles 9.1 and 9.2 of the International Treaty of Plant and Genetic Resources, Paragraphs 9.4.2, 10. 2.1 and 12.12 of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s Astronomy and World Heritage Initiative, and the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Globally Important Heritage Systems. These relevant articles should be consulted by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) so they do not duplicate other initiatives. Malaysia should also advocate for an international agreement or guideline at the UNCOPUOS to control light pollution emanating from mega-constellation satellites. A display board showing Malaysian fishermen’s knowledge of stars at Tanjung Balau Museum in Johor preserves this heritage. Efforts to ensure the continuity of astronomical knowledge for future generations have included briefing and stargazing trips at the paddy and archaeological museums in Kedah, including the Malay cultural significance of stars showing times for paddy planting and the monsoon season, which prevents fishing in Peninsular Malaysia.

A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FATWA MANAGEMENT AND SHARIAH GOVERNANCE ACROSS SECTORS AND JURISDICTIONS

Sulaiman Mahiddin, Noor Naemah Abdul Rahman, Muhammad Ikhlas Rosele — Tue, 12 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Fatwa management and Shariah governance are foundational components in ensuring compliance with Islamic principles across diverse sectors such as finance, healthcare, and legal administration. These mechanisms provide both religious legitimacy and operational guidance for institutions serving Muslim communities. Despite their growing influence, a systematic understanding of global research trends, collaboration patterns, and thematic focuses in this field has yet to be thoroughly examined. This study fills the gap by conducting a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to map the scholarly landscape of fatwa management and Shariah governance across various jurisdictions and sectors. Utilizing the Scopus database, an initial search yielded 2,144 documents, which were refined to a final dataset of 1,526 peer-reviewed publications spanning from 2015 to 2025. The data cleaning and standardization process was conducted using OpenRefine, while VOSviewer was employed for co-authorship, keyword co-occurrence, as well as citation network visualizations. The analysis reveals a consistent upward trend in publications, peaking in 2024, with Malaysia and Indonesia emerging as dominant contributors. The most cited works focus on the intersection of Shariah compliance, corporate governance, and Islamic finance, while key thematic clusters include maqasid al-shariah, fatwa issuance processes, and regulatory integration. "Shariah compliance" emerged as the most central keyword, indicating its foundational role in interdisciplinary scholarship. Co-authorship patterns highlight Malaysia’s leadership in both productivity and collaborative reach, followed by strong regional contributions from Indonesia, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. The study concludes that fatwa and Shariah-related research is evolving from niche jurisprudential inquiry into a dynamic, multidisciplinary field engaging with contemporary governance, ethics, and policy implementation. These findings offer a valuable roadmap for future research and institutional development in Islamic legal and financial studies.

“TIADA SEKALI-KALI AKAN MAHU MENYEMBAH …”: PANGLIMA CHAO TING DAN PERANG KEMERDEKAAN PERLIS KEDUA

Thu, 11 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Pada tahun 1821 sehingga 1842, Kesultanan Kedah telah diserang oleh Raja Ligor sehingga tercetus Perang Kedah-Siam. Perlis tidak terkecuali daripada menerima kesan secara langsung daripada peperangan besar yang memakan banyak korban sepanjang lebih dua dekad ini. Manuskrip MS85 Salasilah Perlis telah mendokumentasikan penentangan daripada seorang pahlawan bergelar Panglima Chao Ting yang melawan penjajahan Siam di Perlis. Signifikan kebangkitan Panglima Chao Ting atau nama sebenarnya adalah Tokku Qiyam, adalah amat bermakna sehingga perjuangan beliau wajar digelar sebagai Perang Kemerdekaan Perlis Kedua. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak seperti Penghulu Dol Said di Melaka, Dato’ Maharaja Lela (Perak), Tok Janggut (Kelantan), Rentap (Sarawak) dan sebagainya, Panglima Chao Ting tidak didendang sebagai wira kemerdekaan Perlis, jauh sekali dikenang dalam saf pejuang negara Malaysia yang menghadapi gelombang imperialisme. Oleh yang demikian, makalah ini mengusahakan pembentangan identiti Panglima Chao Ting, persepsi berkenaan beliau dan juga perjuangan beliau, yang natijahnya tertegaklah sebuah Kerajaan Wangsa Jamalullail Perlis yang berdaulat.

Between 1821 until 1842, the Kedah Sultanate was invaded by Governor of Ligor or Nakhon Si Thammarat, hence the Kedah-Siamese War erupted. Without exception, Perlis state also received direct consequences from this catastrophic war that has claimed many innocent lives throughout two decades. The MS85 Salasilah Perlis Manuscript has documented the resistance from a Perlis warrior known as Panglima Chao Ting in combatting the Siamese colonialism. This Chao Ting uprising whose real name is Tokku Qiyam, is very significant that it deserves to be addressed as the Perlis Second War of Independence. However, unlike Dol Said in Malacca, Maharaja Lela (Perak), Tok Janggut (Kelantan), Rentap (Sarawak) and others has been revered, Panglima Chao Ting still remains an unsung independence hero of Perlis that is far from being best appreciated in the ranks of Malaysian independence patriots that stood bravely against the wave of imperialism. Therefore, this paper strives to present the identity of Panglima Chao Ting, the perception surrounding him as well as his bloody struggle that enabled the foundation of an independence Perlis Jamalullail Kingdom.

PERANAN DAN PENGARUH AHLI MAJLIS DALAM PEMBANGUNAN DASAR TEMPATAN DI NEGERI SELANGOR

’Atiqah Syairah Shaharuddin, Redzuan Othman, Hamdan Salleh — Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT) merupakan cabang ketiga dalam struktur pentadbiran negara selepas kerajaan persekutuan dan kerajaan negeri. Kajian ini memberikan sumbangan teoritikal dalam memahami dinamika tadbir urus tempatan serta sumbangan praktikal dalam memperkasa struktur dasar negeri Selangor. Dasar dan polisi yang baik dan bermanfaat untuk komuniti adalah matlamat utama yang ingin dicapai dalam sistem Kerajaan Tempatan. PBT antaranya majlis perbandaran mempunyai kuasa untuk melaksanakan sebarang aktiviti yang memberi faedah am kepada penduduk kawasan. Namun, peranan & pengaruh ahli majlis dlm pembangunan dasar di peringkat PBT masih kurang mendapat perhatian ilmiah termasuk di negeri Selangor. Mengenalpasti mekanisme untuk menyalurkan aduan dan maklumat daripada peringkat komuniti dan badan eksekutif di PBT di Selangor adalah antara aspek yang perlu diteliti. Peranan dan pengaruh ahli majlis di negeri Selangor, berfokuskan beberapa daerah dalam membangun dasar dan polisi untuk komuniti ini diselidiki melalui penyelidikan kuantitatif temubual secara terfokus terhadap kumpulan sasaran. Pendekatan penyelidikan kuantitatif turut digunakan menggunakan tinjauan berstruktur untuk mengumpulkan data daripada ahli majlis perbandaran dan pihak berkepentingan yang berkaitan. Analisis statistik lanjutan, seperti Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) dan Analisis Regresi, akan digunakan untuk menilai keberkesanan dasar dan mengenal pasti faktor utama membuat keputusan. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa faktor politik, pentadbiran, dan penglibatan komuniti sangat mempengaruhi keberkesanan peranan ahli majlis. Kajian ini mencadangkan pengukuhan garis panduan membuat keputusan dan peningkatan partisipasi komuniti sebagai kunci kepada tadbir urus yang lebih berkesan.

Local Authorities (PBT) form the third tier of government in Malaysia, following the federal and state levels respectively. They are instrumental in formulating policies that directly benefit local communities. However, the role and influence of municipal councillors in policy development remain understudied, particularly in Selangor. This study explores the functions and decision-making power of municipal councillors across selected districts in Selangor in shaping local policy and community development. Employing a quantitative research approach, the study uses structured surveys and targeted interviews with councillors and relevant stakeholders. Advanced statistical methods including Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), and Regression Analysis are applied to assess policy effectiveness and key decision-making factors. Findings reveal the extent of councillors’ understanding, influence, and participation in policy-making, highlighting systemic challenges such as political dynamics, administrative constraints, and community engagement barriers. The study aims to contribute toward a more structured and effective governance model that promotes inclusive, transparent, and community-driven urban development. The research contributes both theoretically to urban governance discourse & practically to improve local council operations & policy implementation in the community. Results indicate that political, administrative, and community engagement factors significantly shape policy effectiveness. The study proposes that strengthening decision-making frameworks and fostering meaningful community involvement are essential for more inclusive and effective governance.

PENGGUNAAN ADAT SEBAGAI HUKUM DI SABAH

Thu, 28 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Malaysia merupakan sebuah negara yang memiliki masyarakat majmuk dengan pelbagai bangsa, suku kaum, agama, bahasa, adat dan budaya. Setiap suku kaum itu mengamalkan adat, budaya dan tradisi yang tersendiri yang berbeza antara satu dengan yang lain. Mereka juga bebas mengamalkan kepercayaan agama masing-masing tetapi agama rasmi yang digunapakai di dalam Persekutuan Malaysia adalah agama Islam dan ini tertulis di dalam perlembagaan Malaysia. Justeru itu, sudah tentulah pelbagai adat, budaya dan tradisi yang dipraktikkan itu sebahagian besarnya adalah berdasarkan kepada pegangan dan kepercayaan kepada agama masing-masing. Dari banyaknya adat, budaya dan tradisi yang diamalkan itu, terdapat sesetengahnya menepati syarak Maksudnya tidak bercanggah dengan syarak dan ada juga yang bercanggah dengan syarak tapi masih diamalkan oleh sebahagian masyarakat dan menganggapnya sebagai sebahagian dari ajaran agama Islam. Bertitik tolak dari kejahilan masyarakat mengenai adat, budaya dan tradisi inilah maka perlunya diperjelaskan dengan sejelas-jelasnya mana satu di antaranya yang tidak berlanggar dengan syarak dan boleh diamalkan dalam kehidupan. Antara metodologi yang digunakan untuk merungkai permasalahan ini ialah Pengkajian dan Pembacaan untuk mengkaji, membaca dan meneliti manakah di antara adat, budaya dan tradisi yang dipraktikkan itu tidak bercanggah dengan hukum syarak dan boleh diamalkan dalam kehidupan. Metodologi Perbandingan diguna pakai untuk tujuan perbandingan adat, budaya dan tradisi itu dengan adat, budaya dan tradisi yang dibenarkan dalam Islam berdasarkan kepada dalil-dalil syarak dan begitu juga dengan perbandingan pendapat ulama empat mazhab (Imam Hanafi, Imam Maliki, Imam Syafie dan Imam Hanbali) mengenai kesepakatan dan perselisihan atau perbezaan pendapat mereka dalam sesuatu hukum agar satu resolusi terbaik dapat disimpulkan dan ditetapkan dan metodologi terakhir yang diguna pakai ialah metodologi Pengeluaran Hukum dengan tujuan untuk sampai kepada natijah hukum samada adat, budaya dan tradisi itu boleh diguna pakai yang tidak terdapat padanya unsur-unsur yang diharamkan dalam Islam seperti percampuran bebas antara lelaki dan perempuan, membuka aurat, menyekutukan Allah, dan tidak menimbulkan polemik bid'ah atau khurafat. Di akhir perbincangan, dapat disimpulkan bahawa banyaknya adat, budaya dan tradisi yang dipraktikkan di dalam masyarakat yang bercanggah dengan amalam Islam tapi tidak disedari oleh mereka disebabkan oleh kurangnya pengetahuan agama dan terikut-ikut dengan amalan datuk nenek moyang yang mana mereka menyangka adat, budaya dan tradisi itu adalah daripada Islam.

Malaysia is a country that has a diverse society with various races, ethnic groups, religions, languages, customs and cultures. Each ethnic group practices its own customs, cultures and traditions that are different from each other. They are also free to practice their respective religious beliefs but the official religion used in the Federation of Malaysia is Islam and this is written in the Malaysian constitution. Therefore, of course, the various customs, cultures and traditions that are practiced are largely based on the beliefs of their respective religions. Of the many customs, cultures and traditions that are practiced, some are in accordance with Islamic law, in other words, they do not conflict with Islamic law, and some are also in conflict with Islamic law but are still practiced by some people and consider them as part of the teachings of Islam. Starting from the ignorance of the community about these customs, cultures and traditions, it is necessary to clarify as clearly as possible which one of them does not conflict with Islamic law and can be practiced in life. Among the methodologies used to resolve this issue is the Study and Reading to study, read and examine which of the customs, cultures and traditions that are practiced do not conflict with Islamic law and can be practiced in life. The Comparative Methodology is used for the purpose of comparing the customs, cultures and traditions with the customs, cultures and traditions that are permitted in Islam based on Islamic evidence and also by comparing the opinions of the scholars of the four schools of thought (Imam Hanafi, Imam Maliki, Imam Syafie and Imam Hanbali) regarding their agreement and disagreement or differences of opinion in a law so that the best resolution can be concluded and determined and the last methodology used is the Law Producing methodology with the aim of reaching a legal result whether the customs, cultures and traditions can be used that do not contain elements that are forbidden in Islam such as free mixing between men and women, exposing the aurat, associating partners with Allah, and does not give rise to polemics of bid'ah or superstition. At the end of the discussion, it can be concluded that there are many customs, cultures and traditions practiced in society that conflict with Islamic practices but are not realized by them due to a lack of religious knowledge and following the practices of their ancestors, which they think are from Islam.

DEBT ON THE RISE: UNDERSTANDING YOUTH FINANCIAL VULNERABILITY

Nur Athirah Mohd Kamaruz zaman, Nurul Izzah Mohd Shafir, Shahriza Ilyana Ramli — Thu, 18 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This paper explores potential vectors of debt tendencies among youth using a cross-sectional quantitative design with snowball sampling technique to gather the data from undergraduate students at one of the university in Northern Peninsular Malaysia. The findings present financial attitude and income level are having significant relationship towards debt tendencies among youth with financial attitude being the most influential factor. This study aimed to create awareness about debt tendency among youth; as Malaysian Department of Insolvency indicates, there is approximately 25.22% of cases involving bankruptcy were individuals under the age of 34 while it keeps increasing until 2024. It is also highlighted the research limitation when some of the respondents have insecurities about their financial and lack of information about debt trends nowadays. By identifying these key determinants, this paper offers valuable recommendations for future researches to explore more in this issue and develop better solutions for managing debt among youth.

OVERCOMING BARRIERS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON POVERTY, DROPOUT, AND EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY

Nurul Khofifah, Ros Shammimi, Nor Hanim — Tue, 05 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0800

School dropout rates among students from low-income backgrounds continue to be a significant issue in education systems globally. Poverty restricts access to educational resources, exacerbates family instability, lowers academic performance, and reduces student motivation, leading to higher dropout rates (UNESCO, 2020). Most studies analyze these factors in isolation, neglecting the complex connections through which poverty impacts educational outcomes. This conceptual paper presents a comprehensive framework connecting economic hardship to school dropout rates, influenced by factors such as family stress, academic disengagement, and unfavourable school environments. It also examines moderating influences like government assistance programs and community initiatives that may alleviate the detrimental impacts of poverty. By integrating perspectives from ecological systems theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) and social reproduction theory (Bourdieu, 1973), this research provides an in-depth understanding of dropout challenges. The framework highlights crucial intervention opportunities for policymakers, educators, and social organizations aimed at enhancing school retention for disadvantaged students. Future research should empirically validate this framework across diverse socioeconomic and cultural settings to inform more effective educational policies. This paper contributes to theoretical insights in dropout research while offering practical strategies to combat educational inequality.

REVISITING IMPOVERISHMENT: ISSUES IN THE EPOCH OF EXPANDING GLOBAL TRADE TARIFFS

Ang Siew Mun — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Poverty or impoverishment is a multidimensional issue which can cause social disruption if the poor are neglected. It is then unsurprising that countries around the world are concerned about alleviating poverty. Therefore, the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has ‘No Poverty’ as its first goal because all poor men, women and children experience well-being and mental health issues as well as general deprivation in accessing goods and services. As a microcosm of the world at large, Malaysia has been committed to overcoming poverty with successes for the past 40 years. For example, its absolute poverty rates declined from 20.7% (1984) to 0.4% (2016) only for it to surge again to 6.2% (2022) after the Covid-19 pandemic (OpenDOSM, 2023). Similarly, world poverty rates rose after the pandemic (The World Bank, 2022), reviving old challenges. Moreover, on 2nd April 2025, a new epoch of global trade protectionism began with the United States (US) announcing a 10% baseline tariff on all its trading partners and reciprocal tariffs on certain countries. Will this situation affect all impacted countries’ economy, their prosperity and their poor? Will these poor be disproportionately affected more, just like how climate change and the Covid-19 pandemic have already adversely impacted them? In this preliminary paper, I have outlined a two-pronged goal: (1) to revisit poverty by outlining possible issues faced by the poor in this new epoch of global trade tariffs and (2) to briefly explore possible solutions to poverty. Methodologically, this paper is based on secondary research of existing literature. Finally, Gemini and DeepSeek, the two artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots, were used for brainstorming.

THE APPLICATION OF THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1999 IN MALAYSIA AND ITS CHALLENGES

Zeti Zuryani Mohd Zakuan, Anida Mahmood — Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This research adopts a doctrinal qualitative approach to analyse the applications and limitations of the Consumer Protection Act 1999 (CPA 1999) in Malaysia. It highlights specific provisions namely Sections 2(2)(c), 2(2)(e), 2(2)(f), 2(4), and 5. These sections either restrict the application of the Act or lead to inconsistent legal interpretations, which in turn diminish the CPA 1999’s effectiveness as the principal legislation for consumer protection. The study involves a detailed examination of statutory provisions and case law to explore how these legal rules have developed, their reasoning, and the challenges in their application. Furthermore, a comparative and historical analysis is conducted to assess how other jurisdictions have broadened consumer protection laws to protect their consumers. The findings suggest that the CPA 1999 is often viewed as supplementary to other laws, resulting in a fragmented and less effective consumer protection framework. To address these shortcomings, the study recommends legislative reforms aimed at strengthening the clarity and application of the Act. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the doctrinal gaps in Malaysian consumer law and proposes steps towards a more comprehensive legal framework.