INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW, GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNICATION (IJLGC)

SALAH LAKU SEKSUAL DI KELANTAN, 1960AN-1970AN

Haryati Hasan — Tue, 09 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Di Kelantan salah laku seksual bukan merupakan fenomena baharu. Laporan Majlis Agama Islam dan Istiadat Melayu Kelantan menunjukkan kegiatan pelacuran dalam kalangan wanita Melayu berlaku sejak tahun 1916. Sementara khalwat dan bersekedudukan serta rogol dikesan berlaku pada tahun 1920an dan 1930an. Kertas kerja ini menganalisis mengenai kegiatan pelacuran yang berlaku dalam kalangan segelintir anggota masyarakat di Kelantan amnya dan di Kota Bharu khasnya pada tahun 1960an sehingga 1970an. Analisis mengenai tema berkenaan adalah berdasarkan laporan bertulis oleh pihak pejabat Polis Kuala Krai pada tahun 1960an dan pejabat Polis Kontinjen Kelantan pada tahun 1970an. Objektif kajian dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian. Pertama memperkatakan mengenai distribusi dan populasi pelacur di Kota Bharu. Bahagian kedua pula menghuraikan mengenai lokasi dan bagaimana kegiatan pelacuran beroperasi Bahagian ketiga membincangkan tentang langkah pencegahan. Tindakan undang-undang dilaksanakan namun kegiatan ini masih berterusan. Ini menunjukkan kedinamikan masalah salah laku seksual dan kegiatan pelacuran di sana. Justeru itu, langkah menangani masalah berkenaan bukan menjadi tanggungjawab pihak polis semata-mata sebaliknya pihak kerajaan negeri dan majlis agama serta kalangan masyarakat perlu menangani bersama.

My aim in undertaking this article was to collect and assess information about prostitution in a Kelantanese Malay community, particularly in Kota Bharu. Writing within the perspective of social history, I focused on the period 1960s-1970s, because some primary sources such as the Kuala Krai Police office and the Kelantan Contingent Police office reports on this period have recently become available. The objectives of the study are divided into three parts. The first deals with the distribution and population of prostitutes in Kota Bharu. The second part describes the location and how prostitution activities operate. The third part discusses preventive measures. Legal action has been taken, but these activities still continue. This shows the dynamics of the problem of sexual misconduct and prostitution activities there. Therefore, steps to address the problem are not the responsibility of the police alone, but rather the state government, religious councils, and the community must address it together. Hopefully, my article will contribute to opening a new area in Malaysian Social history and gender studies.

FROM SECURITY TO SUSTAINABILITY: HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ECONOMIC FUTURE OF MALAYSIA'S DEFENCE INDUSTRY

Othman Asmanur, Nur Surayya Mohd Saudi, Rogis Baker, Mohd Haizam Mohd Saudi — Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This study investigates the role of Human Capital Development (HCD) in advancing Malaysia’s defence industry and its contribution to economic growth. Using time series data from 1991 to 2023, the analysis found that employment, education expenditure, and exports significantly Granger-cause GDP, underscoring the importance of skilled labour and strategic investments in education. Conversely, military expenditure and arms imports show no short-run causal impact, indicating the current defence sector's limited economic integration and technological depth. The findings reveal a critical gap between national HCD efforts and defence sector needs, hindering innovation and self-reliance. To bridge this gap, the study recommends strengthening defence-focused training, increasing investment in dual-use R&D, enhancing defence export competitiveness, and reallocating spending toward capability development. A coordinated, defence aligned with HCD strategy is essential to position the sector as both a security asset and a driver of inclusive, long-term economic growth.

PENGURUSAN HALAL MELALUI PENGADUAN AWAM: KAJIAN PIAGAM PELANGGAN DALAM ORGANISASI ISLAM

Madihatun Zainuddin, Sharifah Hayaati Syed Ismail al-Qudsy2 — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Pemprosesan Persijilan Halal merupakan salah satu tema yang terdapat di dalam salah satu Piagam Pelanggan di JAKIM di mana ia merupakan janji yang diberikan kepada pemohon dalam tempoh tertentu untuk menyiapkan Sijil Halal. Dalam merealisasikan sebuah pengurusan yang baik dalam sesebuah organisasi, amat penting untuk staf di dalam organisasi peka terhadap janji yang diutarakan seperti mana yang termaktub dalam Piagam Pelanggan mereka. Piagam Pelanggan ialah pernyataan secara bertulis oleh organisasi untuk memberikan perkhidmatan yang berkualiti kepada pelanggan bagi memenuhi keperluan masyarakat khususnya kepada pelanggan yang berurusan dalam mana-mana organisasi. Permasalahan atau isu yang yang timbul adalah apabila terdapat sesetengah organisasi mengabaikan janji yang diutarakan dalam Piagam Pelanggan mereka. Ini dapat dilihat melalui maklum balas Pengaduan Awam yang diberikan oleh masyarakat. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti pelbagai cabaran serta cadangan penambahbaikan yang dilakukan oleh JAKIM berdasarkan maklum balas Pengaduan Awam dalam menguruskan persijilan halal. Kajian berbentuk kualitatif ini menggunakan metode temu bual sebagai metode utama di mana tiga orang staf dari JAKIM akan diambil dan dijadikan responden untuk sesi temu bual yang dijalankan. Selain itu, metode dokumentasi turut digunakan seperti laporan Piagam Pelanggan, Laporan Manual Prosedur Persijilan Halal, dan lain-lain. Selain itu, laporan-laporan yang terdapat di dalam laman sesawang JAKIM turut dijadikan sebagai rujukan. Hasil dapatan mendapati bahawa terdapat beberapa cabaran yang perlu dihadapi semasa proses persijilan halal, iaitu; faktor masa dalam pengurusan persijilan halal JAKIM; faktor pemohon tidak memahami bermula tempoh 30 hari; serta faktor pemohon tidak meneliti atau memahami prosedur yang ditetapkan. Namun begitu, JAKIM telah berusaha menanganinya dengan melakukan penambahbaikan serta merangka beberapa pelan strategik seperti menambahbaik sistem muat naik dokumen (My Ingredients), penyelarasan yuran pendaftaran sijil halal online, inisiatif pembukaan lebih banyak kaunter-kaunter, memperkukuhkan sistem Fast Track, mengadakan persidangan bersama industri, training on halal serta penambahan kakitangan halal. Implikasi kajian dapat dilihat khususnya kepada penjawat awam serta hak pelanggan ketika berurusan di dalam organisasi. Perkara ini dapat dilihat dengan meneliti kepentingan perlaksanaan Piagam Pelanggan yang berkualiti, iaitu dengan menunaikan segala aspek janji dengan sebaik mungkin dan seterusnya mencapai kepuasan pelanggan melalui janji yang ditunaikan dengan bertanggungjawab dan amanah.

Halal Certification Processing is one of the themes found in one of the Client Charters in JAKIM which is a promise given to applicants within a certain period to complete the Halal Certificate. In realizing good management in an organization, the staff of the organization must be sensitive to the promises made as set out in their Client Charter. The Client's Charter is a written statement by the organization to provide quality services to customers to meet the needs of the community, especially to customers dealing with any organization. A problem or issue that arises is when some organization ignores the promises made in their Client Charter. This can be seen through the Public Complaints feedback provided by the community. The objective of this study is to identify various challenges and suggestions for improvements made by JAKIM based on the feedback of Public Complaints in managing halal certification. This qualitative study uses the interview method as the main method whereby three staff from JAKIM will be recruited and made into respondents for the interview session. In addition, documentation methods are also used such as the Client Charter report, Halal Certification Procedure Manual Report, etc. In addition, the reports available on JAKIM's website are also used as a reference. The findings found that there are some challenges to be faced during the halal certification process, namely; time factor in the management of JAKIM's halal certification; factors the applicant does not understand starting the 30-day period; as well as factors the applicant does not examine or understand the established procedures. However, JAKIM has tried to address this by making improvements and drawing up several strategic plans such as improving the document upload system (My Ingredients), coordinating online halal certificate registration fees, opening more counters, strengthening the Fast Track system, holding conferences with industry, training on halal as well as the addition of halal staff. The implications of the study can be seen especially to civil servants as well as the rights of customers when dealing with the organization. This can be seen by examining the importance of the implementation of a quality Client Charter, which is to fulfill all aspects of the promise as best as possible and thus achieve customer satisfaction through the promise of being fulfilled with responsibility and trust.

YOUTH PERCEPTION ON NATIONAL SECURITY IN MALAYSIA

Safiah Suhaimi, Aini Fatihah Roslam — Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This article examines Malaysian youth’s perception of national security within the context of contemporary threats and societal transformation. Youth represent a large and influential demographic in Malaysia, yet their role in security discourse remains underexplored. Using a qualitative approach supported by selected case studies, the study analyses the level of awareness, trust, and engagement of youth in national security matters. Findings indicate that while Malaysian youth demonstrate high concern regarding issues such as cyber threats, social cohesion, and political instability, their understanding of the national security structure and their roles within it remains limited. The study also finds that formal government programmes like the National Service Training Programme (PLKN) and the Police Undergraduate Voluntary Corps (SUKSIS) yield mixed outcomes in fostering security awareness. Meanwhile, informal initiatives—such as youth-led cyber defence movements—reflect the potential of youth as key stakeholders in non-traditional security domains. The article proposes several policy recommendations including the institutionalisation of security literacy, expanded youth participation in strategic communication, and the development of inclusive security policies that reflect the voice and needs of Malaysia’s younger generation.

ADOLESCENT CYBERBULLYING AND DIGITAL HARM: ALIGNING GLOBAL EVIDENCE WITH MALAYSIA’S POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS (2013–2025)

Rosdi Safian, Haziah Sa'ari — Tue, 09 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This semi-systematic review (2013–2025), guided by PRISMA 2020 and a systems-thinking lens, consolidates global and Malaysian scholarship on adolescent cyberbullying within the broader domain of digital harm governance. The review examines how evidence on mental health, gendered vulnerability, and cultural context aligns with Malaysia’s policy and regulatory instruments, including the Education Blueprint 2013–2025, the Mental Health Action Plan 2020–2025, and the Online Safety Act 2025. Internationally, research demonstrates conceptual maturity through longitudinal and intersectional designs that connect cyberbullying with depression, anxiety, and identity based harm. Malaysian studies are expanding but remain largely descriptive and under theorized, which limits translation into preventive and rights based interventions. Policy analysis indicates partial alignment: national strategies acknowledge digital harm but underutilize empirical insights on adolescent resilience, platform accountability, and gender responsive counselling. This paper contributes by (1) diagnosing methodological and theoretical gaps that weaken evidence informed policy; (2) positioning cyberbullying as a combined digital rights and public health concern requiring coordinated governance; and (3) proposing pathways to integrate global best practices into Malaysia’s policy and regulatory systems. Drawing on General Strain Theory and Triadic Reciprocal Determinism, the review advances a governance oriented synthesis that links emotional antecedents, behavioural roles, and gendered coping to concrete policy levers. The analysis situates Malaysia’s digital safety efforts within international legal and policy discourse on adolescent protection and online well-being, offering a roadmap for preventive regulation and research–policy convergence.

HORMAT SEBAGAI TERAS KEHARMONIAN: ANALISIS BUDAYA HORMAT MENGHORMATI DALAM KALANGAN BELIA MALAYSIA MADANI

Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Nilai hormat merupakan salah satu tonggak penting dalam pembentukan masyarakat beretika dan harmoni, khususnya dalam konteks Malaysia yang rencam budaya dan agama. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis tren penyelidikan berkaitan nilai hormat dalam kalangan belia Malaysia dari tahun 2018 hingga 2024 berdasarkan empat tema utama: pemahaman konsep hormat, faktor-faktor pengaruh, kesan budaya hormat terhadap keharmonian sosial, dan strategi memupuk nilai hormat. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa penyelidikan dalam tema strategi memupuk nilai hormat paling dominan, manakala kajian mengenai pemahaman konsep, faktor pengaruh, dan kesan sosial masih kurang mendapat perhatian. Hal ini mencerminkan kecenderungan semasa penyelidikan yang lebih menumpukan kepada penyelesaian praktikal, berbanding analisis asas konsep dan konteks sosiobudaya. Namun demikian, jurang kajian dalam aspek faktor dan kesan sosial menunjukkan perlunya penyelidikan lanjutan bagi memastikan intervensi yang dibina benar-benar efektif dan relevan dengan realiti semasa. Kajian ini menyarankan agar pendekatan penyelidikan nilai hormat dalam kalangan belia dikembangkan secara lebih seimbang dan holistik, selaras dengan prinsip Malaysia MADANI.

Respect is one of the fundamental pillars in shaping an ethical and harmonious society, particularly within the multicultural and multi-religious context of Malaysia. This study aims to analyse research trends related to the value of respect among Malaysian youth from 2018 to 2024, based on four key themes: youth’s understanding of the concept of respect, influencing factors, the impact of respectful culture on social harmony, and strategies for fostering respect. Findings reveal that research on strategies to cultivate respect is the most dominant theme, while studies on conceptual understanding, influencing factors, and social impact remain limited. This trend reflects a current research focus that leans more towards practical solutions rather than foundational conceptual analysis and sociocultural context. Nevertheless, gaps in the areas of influencing factors and social effects suggest the need for further research to ensure that interventions are truly effective and relevant to contemporary realities. This study recommends that research on the value of respect among youth be developed in a more balanced and holistic manner, in line with the principles of Malaysia MADANI.

INTEGRATING ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES INTO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES FOR OLDER ADULTS: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES

Tue, 09 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

As the global population ages, mental health challenges among older adults are becoming increasingly prevalent. Many elderly individuals experience issues such as loneliness, depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline, which can significantly affect their overall well-being. In this context, religion—particularly Islam—offers valuable resources for emotional and psychological support. This article explores the importance of integrating Islamic perspectives into mental health services, suggesting that incorporating spiritual values can enhance the effectiveness and acceptance of mental health interventions among Muslim elderly. Finally, the article addresses key barriers to providing effective Islamic mental health services, such as stigma, lack of culturally trained professionals, and limited awareness within both healthcare and religious communities. By reviewing relevant literature and drawing on religious sources, this study highlights the potential of Islam to serve as a supportive framework for improving mental health outcomes in later life. The findings suggest that mental health strategies that align with Islamic values can help create more inclusive and compassionate care for the aging Muslim population, while also addressing systemic gaps in current mental health service delivery.

ANALISIS HIBAH DAN WASIAT SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PERANCANGAN HARTA PUSAKA BAGI MUALAF

Siti Fadhilah Ghazali, Suharne Ismail , Naimah Abu Kasim — Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Islam sebagai agama yang sempurna telah menentukan cara-cara pemilikan harta yang sah menurut hukum Syarak seperti pemilikan melalui hibah dan wasiat. Dalam konteks mualaf, wujud kekangan perundangan apabila benefisiari terdiri daripada bukan Islam, memandangkan sistem faraid menghalang pewarisan harta pusaka di antara orang Islam dan bukan Islam. Justeru, kajian ini meneliti hibah dan wasiat sebagai alternatif perancangan harta pusaka kepada benefisiari bukan Islam di Malaysia. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif dengan menganalisis peruntukan statut, enakmen pentadbiran Islam negeri, kes-kes Mahkamah Syariah, serta fokus terhadap pindaan terkini Akta Pembahagian Pusaka Kecil 1955 yang memperuntukkan kuasa kepada Majlis Agama Islam Negeri untuk bertindak sebagai pemohon bagi pihak benefisiari bukan Islam untuk kes pengesahan hibah bersyarat dan wasiat. Dapatan kajian terdapat keperluan pindaan terhadap enakmen pentadbiran agama Islam negeri selaras dengan peruntukan Akta Pembahagian Pusaka Kecil 1955. Pindaan enakmen pentadbiran Islam ini diyakini menjamin perancangan harta pusaka mualaf dan melindungi hak penerima yang dihasratkan khususnya penerima yang tergolong daripada ahli keluarga yang bukan beragama Islam.

Islam prescribes lawful methods of property ownership according to Shariah, including hibah (inter vivos gift) and wasiyyah. For Muslim converts (mualaf), legal constraints arise when beneficiaries are non-Muslims, as the faraid system prohibits inheritance between Muslims and non-Muslims. This study explores hibah and wasiyyah as alternative estate planning mechanisms for non-Muslim beneficiaries in Malaysia. Using a qualitative legal research approach, it analyses statutory provisions, state Islamic administration enactments, and Syariah court cases, with emphasis on recent amendments to the Small Estates (Distribution) Act 1955 granting State Islamic Religious Councils authority to act as petitioners on behalf of non-Muslim beneficiaries in validating conditional hibah and wasiyyah. The findings highlight the need to amend state Islamic administration enactments to align with the Act, thereby ensuring effective estate planning for mualaf and protecting the rights of intended non-Muslim recipients.

TWO DECADES OF KPI RESEARCH: A BIBLIOMETRIC MAPPING AND TREND ANALYSIS

Nor Asiah Taib, Izlawanie Muhammad, Suhaila Abdul Hamid — Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The growing need for transparency, responsibility, and data-driven decision-making has fueled global interest in Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) as key tools for assessing performance across industries. Despite the increasing use of KPIs in business and academia, the extant literature does not provide a thorough overview of their intellectual structure, topic development, or research trends. This study fills the gap by doing a bibliometric analysis of KPIs-related publications over the last two decades, resulting in a systematic map of worldwide scholarly output, collaboration patterns, and conceptual evolution. The dataset was retrieved from the Scopus database and covers the years 2005 to July 2025. A total of 724 documents were detected, cleaned, and standardised using OpenRefine, followed by performance analysis using Scopus Analyser and science mapping with VOSViewer. The analysis looked at publishing trends by year, author, country, and subject area, as well as keyword co-occurrence and international collaboration patterns. The findings show a consistent increase in publication output, with significant contributions from China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Engineering, computer science, business, and medicine emerged as the most influential disciplines in KPIs research. International collaborative networks were especially prominent in developed economies, demonstrating the global and multidisciplinary importance of KPIs research. This study maps the current state of the KPIs literature and identifies prospects in technology-integrated performance measurement. The findings are an invaluable resource for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to understand the evolution of KPIs research and propose crucial topics for further exploration.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDITY OF A SOCIOECONOMIC WELL-BEING INSTRUMENT FOR B40 HOUSEHOLDS IN MALAYSIA: EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS (EFA)

Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This study focuses on developing and assessing the construct validity of the B40 Socioeconomic Wellbeing instrument using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) involving 390 respondents from B40 households in urban (Klang Valley) and rural areas (Sik, Kedah). This instrument comprises three main constructs: Financial Well-being, Daily Spending Patterns, and Government Policy Effectiveness. The findings show that all constructs have KMO values above 0.70, and the Bartlett's test is significant (p < 0.001), indicating that the data are suitable for factor analysis. The Financial Wellbeing construct (KMO = 0.741) yielded three factors, retaining nine items and dropping one item (Q3). In contrast, the Daily Spending Patterns construct (KMO = 0.931) formed a single factor with 10 items retained, explaining 57.87% of the variance. In addition, the construct of Government Policy Effectiveness (KMO = 0.919) retained all 10 items, with two main factors identified: Direct Economic Assistance and Access and Information on Government Programs. Overall, the EFA results confirmed that all three constructs have a valid and stable factor structure, making this instrument suitable for use in assessing the socioeconomic well-being of B40 households in Malaysia.

ROHINGYA COMMUNITY IN KELANTAN: NATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS AND LOCAL PERCEPTIONS

Hairunnisa Zakaria — Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The presence of the Rohingya ethnic community in local settlements, particularly in the eastern coastal states, has elicited a range of apprehensions among the local populace. Kampung Peringat, Melor and Kota Bharu are among the primary locations for the settlement of the Rohingya ethnic community in Kelantan. Initially consisting of just a few individuals, the Rohingya population has increased significantly, now numbering in the thousands as illegal immigrants in the region. This research uses a qualitative approach, employing data gathered from both primary and secondary sources. Data is collected through interviews and observations within relevant domains. Secondary data is drawn from empirical sources, including dissertations, academic journals, and online databases. This research encompasses three primary objectives: 1) to examine the implications of the influx of the Rohingya ethnic community in Kelantan; 2) to assess the management and security protocols in response to the arrival of Rohingya ethnic refugees in Kelantan; and 3) to evaluate the effectiveness of governmental policies aimed at managing and regulating the presence of the Rohingya ethnic community in Kelantan. The findings of this study indicate that 1) the presence of this community has given rise to a range of social, economic, and security challenges, such as increased competition in the job market, greater use of public facilities, and negative perceptions regarding national security; 2) the management and security measures necessitated by the influx of Rohingya refugees in Kelantan have not been effectively implemented; and 3) the current governmental strategies for managing Rohingya refugees are viewed as inadequate, with lax enforcement heightening the concerns of the local populace. This study advocates for the government to implement more effective actions in the management of Rohingya refugees, thus safeguarding the well-being and security of Malaysians.

THE RISING CONCERN ON WEAKENING SECULAR EDUCATION IN TÜRKIYE: THE REMOVAL OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

Mohammad Taib Mohd Ismail, Wan Norhasniah Wan Husin, Siti Juwairiah Zainurin — Tue, 09 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This study investigates the factors contributing to the weakening of secular education in Türkiye, originally shaped by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The weakening of secular education became particularly evident when evolutionary theory was removed from the high school curriculum in 2017. Some scholars argue that this decline was caused by politicians, religious groups, and segments of the public who oppose secular education since it encourages the young generation to keep religion separate from everyday life. To fulfil the objective of this study, qualitative methods were employed, with a particular focus on textual analysis of relevant primary and secondary materials. Additionally, this study employs a constructivist approach to gain a better understanding of how educational reforms impact knowledge construction in Türkiye. The findings reveal that political, religious, and social factors have played a significant role in the complex and controversial process of removing evolutionary theory from the curriculum. This decision is part of Türkiye’s political strategy to strengthen conservative and Islamic values in society, weaken the secular traditions of modern Türkiye, and integrate more religious perspectives into the national education system.