KESAN TIGA JENIS INTERVENSI RELAKSASI TERHADAP PRESTASI UJIAN SPESIFIK BOLA SEPAK DALAM KALANGAN ATLET REMAJA
THE EFFECTS OF THREE TYPES OF RELAXATION INTERVENTIONS ON SOCCER-SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE TESTS AMONG ADOLESCENT ATHLETES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35631/IJEPC.1163009Keywords:
Atlet Remaja (Youth Athletes), Latihan Autogenik (Autogenic Training), Latihan Pernafasan Mendalam (Deep Breathing Exercise), Latihan Relaksasi (Relaxation Training), Prestasi Bola Sepak (Football Performance), Relaksasi Otot Progresif (Progressive Muscle Relaxation)Abstract
Prestasi bola sepak dipengaruhi bukan sahaja oleh keupayaan fizikal dan teknikal, tetapi juga oleh kesiapsiagaan psikologi yang menyumbang kepada konsistensi prestasi semasa pertandingan. Walaupun intervensi relaksasi digunakan secara meluas dalam psikologi sukan bagi meningkatkan regulasi fisiologi dan kestabilan prestasi, bukti empirikal mengenai keberkesanan perbandingan intervensi relaksasi terhadap prestasi spesifik bola sepak dalam kalangan atlet remaja masih terhad. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan menyiasat kesan tiga intervensi relaksasi, iaitu Relaksasi Otot Progresif (ROP), Relaksasi Autogenik (RA), dan Latihan Pernafasan Mendalam (LPM), terhadap prestasi spesifik bola sepak dalam kalangan pemain lelaki bawah 16 tahun. Kajian menggunakan reka bentuk kuasi-eksperimen kuantitatif dengan pendekatan kumpulan kawalan ujian pra dan ujian pasca tidak setara. Seramai 60 pemain bola sepak lelaki berumur 13 hingga 16 tahun dipilih secara pensampelan bertujuan dan diagihkan kepada empat kumpulan: ROP (n = 15), RA (n = 15), LPD (n = 15), dan kumpulan kawalan (n = 15). Intervensi dilaksanakan selama empat minggu dengan dua sesi seminggu. Prestasi spesifik bola sepak dinilai melalui bateri ujian kemahiran piawai meliputi kawalan bola, hantaran pendek, hantaran jauh, menggelecek, dan menjaring. Analisis data menggunakan Mixed-Design ANOVA dan ujian pos hoc Tukey HSD menunjukkan kesan utama kumpulan yang signifikan, F(3,56) = 3.23, p = .029, ηp² = .15, serta kesan utama masa yang signifikan, F(1,56) = 66.49, p < .001, ηp² = .54. Kesan interaksi kumpulan × masa juga signifikan, F(3,56) = 6.84, p < .001, ηp² = .27, menunjukkan peningkatan prestasi yang berbeza mengikut intervensi. Semua kumpulan intervensi menunjukkan peningkatan prestasi yang lebih baik berbanding kumpulan kawalan, dengan LPM mencatat peningkatan paling ketara. Dapatan kajian menyokong keberkesanan intervensi relaksasi berstruktur dalam meningkatkan prestasi spesifik bola sepak pemain remaja serta menekankan kepentingan pengintegrasian latihan kemahiran psikologi dalam program pembangunan bola sepak.
Football performance is influenced not only by physical and technical abilities but also by psychological readiness that contributes to performance consistency during competitive situations. Although relaxation interventions are widely applied in sport psychology to enhance physiological regulation and performance stability, empirical evidence comparing their effectiveness on football-specific performance among youth athletes remains limited. Therefore, this study examined the effects of three relaxation interventions, namely Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR), Autogenic Relaxation (AR), and Deep Breathing Exercise (DBE), on football-specific performance among male Under-16 football players. A quantitative quasi-experimental design employing a nonequivalent pre-test and post-test control group approach was used. Sixty male football players aged 13 to 16 years were purposively selected and assigned into four groups: PMR (n = 15), AR (n = 15), DBE (n = 15), and a control group (n = 15). The intervention was conducted over four weeks with two sessions per week. Football-specific performance was assessed using a standardized skill test battery consisting of ball juggling, short passing, long passing, dribbling, and shooting. Data were analysed using Mixed-Design ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post hoc tests. The findings indicated a significant main effect of group, F(3,56) = 3.23, p = .029, ηp² = .15, and a significant main effect of time, F(1,56) = 66.49, p < .001, ηp² = .54. A significant group × time interaction effect was also observed, F(3,56) = 6.84, p < .001, ηp² = .27, demonstrating differential performance improvements across intervention conditions. All intervention groups outperformed the control group, with Deep Breathing Exercise showing the greatest improvement. These findings support the effectiveness of structured relaxation training in enhancing football-specific performance and highlight the importance of integrating psychological skills training into youth football development programmes.
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