RAT DISSECTION ALTERNATIVES IN BIOLOGY EDUCATION: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Despite the importance of both rat dissection and alternatives for rat dissection, proponents for these alternatives became more apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemically. Incorporating humane education into the Malaysian education system, whereby 3R (reduction, replacement, or refinement) is urged, aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Utilising technology is an essential component of any 21st-century learning. Therefore, this study was carried out to explore the need for alternatives in rat dissection that provide both a high learning experience and feasibility using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) technique is employed. Examining selected literature revealed a substantial positive effect on the student’s learning experience regarding perception, task performance, exam performance, and motivation. It is found to be either superior or equivalent to the intended outcomes. This study has also identified the feasibility aspects of the alternatives of rat dissection concerning the USE model. They were classified into sustainability (usefulness), affordability (ease of use), accessibility (ease of learning), and motivation (satisfaction). This study delves into the need for alternatives in rat dissection redesigning in 21st-century learning with high usability that is readily accessible, affordable, and sustainable. Innovation and reform are required to ensure better education through ICT integration, aligning with the Malaysian Digital Education Policy.  Besides that, cognitive and motivational models should be incorporated into these alternatives’ designs. Thus, it can be concluded that the ideal alternative for rat dissection is Three-Dimensional (3D) models with virtual tools.