EXPLORING PARENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE ROLE OF PRIVATE SUPPLEMENTARY TUTORING IN EAST MALAYSIA

Abstract

In East Malaysia, private supplementary tutoring or shadow education known as “tuisyen” which complements formal schooling, has become a prominent aspect of the region’s educational landscape. This study explores parents' perceptions of shadow education in Penampang, Sabah, and the factors influencing their engagement with private tutoring services. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight parents, each representing different educational levels. The respondents came from lower primary, upper primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary. The findings indicate that parents feel mainstream schooling alone is not sufficient. While families with higher socioeconomic status (SES) can afford private tutoring, those with lower SES face financial barriers. Parents view shadow education as a strategic investment in their academic success, particularly in preparation for high-stakes examinations. This study highlights critical implications for policymakers to address disparities in access to private tutoring and promote equitable educational opportunities.