ROLE AND IMPACT OF OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL) IN ENHANCING LIFELONG LEARNING AMONG ADULT LEARNERS IN MALAYSIA

Abstract

This study aims to examine the impact of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) on adult education in Malaysia, particularly in the context of higher education institutions. Alongside the transformation of the post-pandemic educational landscape, ODL has increasingly been recognized as a primary educational approach that offers flexible learning opportunities for adults. However, adult learners face various challenges, including time constraints, limited access to technology, and significant psychological pressures, all of which affect the effectiveness of the learning process. This research employed a quantitative approach with a survey design targeting adult learners aged 25 and above who were enrolled in either part-time or full-time ODL programs. Data were collected through an online questionnaire involving 100 respondents. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including t-tests and ANOVA, to identify the relationship between demographic variables and learners’ perceptions of technological, pedagogical, and psychological aspects of ODL. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of ODL for adult learners is strongly influenced by their level of digital literacy, the appropriateness of pedagogical methods grounded in andragogical principles, and psychological well-being that sustains motivation and learning commitment. The study recommends improvements in curriculum design to better address adult learners’ needs, enhanced digital literacy training, and effective emotional support systems to strengthen online learning experiences. The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference and guideline for higher education institutions and policymakers in developing more inclusive, flexible, and sustainable ODL implementations to maximize adult learning outcomes.