ULASAN NARATIF BERSTRUKTUR: CABARAN DAN KEKANGAN PELAKSANAAN TVET DALAM PENDIDIKAN MENENGAH

STRUCTURED NARRATIVE REVIEW: CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS IN IMPLEMENTING TVET IN SECONDARY EDUCATION

Abstract

Ulasan naratif berstruktur ini bertujuan meneroka cabaran serta kekangan pelaksanaan Pendidikan dan Latihan Teknikal dan Vokasional (TVET) dalam pendidikan menengah dengan memberi tumpuan terhadap aspek sistem pendidikan dan pembangunan kurikulum. Carian meliputi penerbitan antara tahun 2019 hingga 2026, dengan sejumlah 43 artikel dikenal pasti dan 26 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi selepas melalui proses saringan. Dapatan literatur menunjukkan potensi TVET sebagai laluan alternatif yang lebih inklusif, khususnya bagi pelajar yang berorientasikan kemahiran praktikal. Walau bagaimanapun, keberkesanan pelaksanaannya bergantung pada keselarasan struktur tadbir urus serta reka bentuk kurikulum yang selari dengan kehendak pasaran. Meskipun terdapat peningkatan penerbitan berkaitan TVET, kajian sintesis yang memfokuskan cabaran pelaksanaan pada peringkat pendidikan menengah dari sudut sistem dan kurikulum masih terhad. Pembangunan kurikulum dikenal pasti sebagai teras utama cabaran pelaksanaan, khususnya berkaitan ketidakselarasan dengan revolusi teknologi industri, keperluan kemahiran masa hadapan serta perubahan dinamik pasaran buruh. Perdebatan turut berterusan sama ada TVET perlu mengekalkan penekanan terhadap kemahiran khusus pekerjaan atau mengutamakan kemahiran umum yang lebih fleksibel, selain pertikaian berkaitan tadbir urus TVET sama ada berpusat atau terdesentralisasi. Peningkatan bilangan penerbitan dalam dekad terkini menunjukkan keperluan mendesak untuk memperhalusi model pelaksanaan TVET yang lebih responsif terhadap perubahan ekonomi serta teknologi. Oleh itu, usaha memperkukuh profesionalisme guru serta memperluas penyelidikan berteraskan teknologi amat diperlukan bagi memperkasa pelaksanaan dasar dan pembangunan kurikulum TVET yang lebih responsif serta inklusif di peringkat menengah. Fokus kajian masa hadapan wajar menumpukan penilaian empirikal terhadap model TVET bersepadu dan berasaskan teknologi bagi menyokong amalan berasaskan bukti serta pembangunan pendidikan dan sosioekonomi yang mampan. 

This structured narrative review aims to explore the challenges and constraints of implementing Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in secondary education by focusing on the education system and curriculum development aspects. The search covered publications between 2019 and 2026, with a total of 43 articles identified and 26 articles meeting the inclusion criteria after the screening process. The literature findings show the potential of TVET as a more inclusive alternative pathway, especially for students who are oriented towards practical skills. However, the effectiveness of its implementation depends on the coherence of the governance structure and curriculum design that is in line with market needs. Despite the increase in publications related to TVET, synthesis studies that focus on implementation challenges at the secondary education level from a system and curriculum perspective are still limited. Curriculum development is identified as the main thrust of implementation challenges, particularly related to the misalignment with the industrial technology revolution, future skills needs and changing labor market dynamics. Debates also continue on whether TVET should maintain an emphasis on job-specific skills or prioritize more flexible generic skills, in addition to disputes regarding TVET governance, whether centralized or decentralized. The recent increase in publications indicates the urgent need to refine TVET implementation models that are more responsive to economic and technological changes. Therefore, efforts to strengthen teacher professionalism and expand technology-based research are urgently needed to strengthen more responsive and inclusive TVET policy implementation and curriculum development at the secondary level. Future research should focus on empirical evaluation of integrated and technology-based TVET models to support evidence-based practice and sustainable educational and socio-economic development.