DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS USING SCAN-TO-HBIM: CASE STUDY OF MUZIUM SUNGAI LEMBING FOR SUSTAINABLE HERITAGE MANAGEMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35631/JTHEM.1143039Keywords:
Case Study, Heritage Building Documentation, Scan-To-HBIM, Terrestrial Laser Scanning, UAV PhotogrammetryAbstract
Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is increasingly adopted as a digital approach to heritage documentation; however, its implementation remains complex due to challenges integrating irregular geometries, multiple-source datasets, and fragmented historical information. This study develops and evaluates a Scan-to-HBIM workflow for heritage building documentation, aiming to improve data integration, modelling efficiency, and digital heritage management outcomes. The workflow integrates terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), UAV-based photogrammetry, and immersive visual documentation to support the creation of an information-rich HBIM model. A qualitative case study approach was employed to explore the implementation process and assess a route for systematically incorporating multiple digital datasets into a structured workflow. The workflow consists of four main stages: data acquisition, data processing, HBIM modelling, and workflow documentation and analysis. TLS generated dense geometric data for both interior and exterior spaces. UAV photogrammetry complemented the TLS dataset by capturing roof structures and upper façade elements. This integration ensures a completer and more continuous spatial dataset for HBIM development. This high-density dataset provides a reliable geometric reference for accurate HBIM modelling and spatial analysis. 3D volumetric visualisation facilitated spatial validation and model interpretation. The HBIM model was developed at Level of Detail (LOD) 300, identified as an appropriate level for balancing geometric accuracy with modelling efficiency in heritage documentation. This balance is particularly important in heritage projects, where time, cost, and data processing constraints must be carefully managed. The study further highlights the potential of digital heritage documentation to support sustainable heritage management and the development of heritage tourism. By providing a structured digital repository of heritage assets, Scan-to-HBIM workflows can facilitate conservation planning, digital interpretation, and long-term heritage management. This research offers tangible lessons learnt regarding workflow deployment, technical challenges, and considerations for the broader adoption of such an approach within a similar heritage context.
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